Academic Chemistry Semester 1 Final Exam Review

Matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

*everything but energy

Energy

The capacity to do work or cause change or produce heat

Solid

This state of matter has definite shape and volume

liquid

This state of matter has a definite volume but takes on the shape of its container (indefinite shape)

Gas

This state of matter has changeable shape and volume

property

A characteristic of a substance that helps to tell you what it is (describes matter)

System

the chemical or physical change that you are studying

Mass

The amount of matter in a given amount of space (units are g)

Volume

The amount of space matter takes up (units are mL)

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Nucleus

center of an atom (protons and neutrons)

Protons

positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom

Neutrons

found in the nucleus, no charge

Electrons

Negatively charged particles found around the nucleus

atomic number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; ID's the element

mass number

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of an element

periodic table

An arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number

isotope

An atom that has the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. They have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Ion

atom that has a positve or negative charge

Group

elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table; also called family; there are 18

metal

A group of materials that (generally) share certain properties. They are all on the left hand side of the periodic table and they are Shiny, Conductive, they form Alloys, they are Malleable, they have high Melting points and they are Dense (SCAMMD).

Nonmetal

An element that is generally gaseous or a dull, brittle solid and a poor conductor of heat and electricity.

Metalloids (semi-metals)

have properties that are between metals and nonmetals

period

a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table; there are 7

noble gases

Name of group 18 nonmetals which are mostly inert and highly unreactive

Element

Composed of one kind of atom and cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Mixture

Two or more substances which are physically combined and can be separated by physical means.

Compound

contains two or more different elements chemically combines in a fixed proportion. can be broken down into simpler substance

transition metals

Name of groups 3 - 12 metals, displayed in the main body of the periodic table

Atom

Smallest unit of an element that still maintains its properties; building blocks of matter

subatomic particles

Smaller particles that make up an atom of an element: protons, neutrons, and electrons

Halogens

group 17

non-metals, very reactive

alkali metals

Group ; shiny, soft, metallic solids with low melting points, very reactive

alkaline earth metals

Group 2 elements that are somewhat reactive and found in the earth's crust.

Law of Conservation of Matter

matter can neither be created nor destroyed; in any chemical or physical change no mass is gained or lost

kinetic energy

energy of motion

ionic compound

formed from ionic bonding when a metal and a nonmetal react to form cations and anions

covalent compound

The product that results between two or more nonmetals.

nomenclature

the process of determining names and formulas for chemical compounds

Cation

Ion with a positive charge (metals, left side)

Anion

Negative ions (elections are gained).

polyatomic ion

a tightly bonded group of atoms that behaves as a unit, most have a negative charge

(aq)

symbol for aqueous substances.

(s)

symbol for solid substances.

(l)

symbol for liquid substances.

(g)

symbol for gaseous substances

Reactants

the chemicals present before the reaction (left of the arrow)

Products

A finished material in a chemical reaction (on the right of the arrow)

single replacement reaction

A+BC→AC+B

double replacement reaction

AB+CD→AD+CB

synthesis reaction

A+B→AB

Decomposition

AB→A+B

combustion reaction

chemical reactions that involve oxygen and produces energy (heat) so rapidly that a flame occurs, products are carbon dioxide and water

mole

6.02 x 10²³

molar mass

Calculated by using the atomic masses of the atoms in the substance while substituting grams in place of atomic mass units. The mass (in grams) of a mole of a substance.

percent composition

Amount of a part compared to the whole (normally by mass)

Fission

when a nucleus splits and produces a lot of energy (atomic energy)

fusion

when two small nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus and energy is released

alpha particle

⁴₂He or ⁴₂a

beta particle

⁰₋₁e or ⁰₋₁B

gamma particle

γ⁰₀

Radiation

The emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves (rays) or particles.

decay series

A sequence of decays that a radioisotope may go through to reach stability.