CHAPTER 9 Maslow: Holistic Dynamic Theory

Maslow

assumed that motivation affects the whole person; it is complete, often unconscious, continual, and applicable to all people.

conative, aesthetic, cognitive, and neurotic.

People are motivated by four dimensions of needs

conative

willful striving

aesthetic

the need for order and beauty

cognitive

the need for curiosity and knowledge

neurotic

an unproductive pattern of relating to other people

conative needs

can be arranged on a hierarchy, meaning that one need must be relatively satisfied before the next need can become active.

conative needs

meaning that they have a striving or motivational character

physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.

The five conative needs

Physiological Needs

including food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temperature, and so on. Physiological needs are the most prepotent of all

Safety Needs

including physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety, danger, chaos, and natural disasters. The needs for law, order, and structure are also safety needs

Love and Belongingness Needs

such as the desire for friendship; the wish for a mate and children; the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation.

Esteem Needs

which include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem.

reputation and self-esteem

two levels of esteem needs

reputation

the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others

self-esteem

a person's own feelings of worth and confidence.

Self-Actualization Needs

include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one's potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word

Aesthetic Needs

by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences

Cognitive Needs

Most people have a desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious.

Coping behavior

motivated and is directed toward the satisfaction of basic needs.

coping behavior

ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and determined by the external environment.

Expressive behavior

has a cause but is not motivated; it is simply one's way of expressing oneself.

Expressive behavior

often an end in itself and serves no other purpose than to be. It is frequently unconscious and usually takes place naturally and with little effort

Gemeinschaftsgefühl

Adler's term for social interest, community feeling, or a sense of oneness with all humanity.

B-love

love for the essence or "Being" of the other

B-love

mutually felt and shared and not motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover.

B-values

the criterion that separates self-actualizing people from those who are merely healthy but mired at the level of esteem.

(1) a more efficient perception of reality; (2) acceptance of self, others, and nature; (3) spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness; (4) a problem-centered approach to life; (5) the need for privacy; (6) autonomy; (7) freshness of appreciation; (8) peak experiences; (9) social interest; (10) profound interpersonal relations; (11) a democratic attitude; (12) the ability to discriminate means from ends; (13) a philosophical sense of humor; (14) creativeness; and (15) resistance to enculturation.

The characteristics of self-actualizers include

More Efficient Perception of Reality

Self-actualizing people can more easily detect phoniness in others. They can discriminate between the genuine and the fake not only in people but also in literature, art, and music

Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature

Self-actualizing people can accept themselves the way they are

Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness

They are unconventional but not compulsively so; they are highly ethical but may appear unethical or nonconforming. They usually behave conventionally, either because the issue is not of great importance or out of deference to others

Problem-Centering

task-oriented and concerned with problems outside themselves. T

The Need for Privacy

Self-actualizing people have a quality of detachment that allows them to be alone without being lonely. They feel relaxed and comfortable when they are either with people or alone. Because they have already satisfied their love and belongingness needs, they have no desperate need to be surrounded by other people. They can find enjoyment in solitude and privacy.

Autonomy

depend on themselves for growth even though at some time in their past they had to have received love and security from others

Continued Freshness of Appreciation

self-actualizing people have the wonderful capacity to appreciate again and again, freshly and naively, the basic goods of life, with awe, pleasure, wonder, and even ecstasy

The Peak Experience

he made the unexpected discovery that many of his people had had experiences that were mystical in nature and that somehow gave them a feeling of transcendence

Taoistic attitude

one that is noninterfering, passive, receptive, and subjective.

The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)

a standardized test designed to measure self-actualizing values and behavior.

The Jonah complex

the fear of being or doing one's best.