T1 L1 Introduction to anatomy

what is anatomy

study of the structure of our bodies which involves:

• osteology

• gross anatomy

• imaging

• surface anatomy

• embryology

anatomical position

• Standing/ lying supine

• Face forward

• Feet together facing forward

• Arms by side with palms up
  (supinated)

• Penis erect

anatomical planes

• sagittal= split right to left (down nose)

• coronal= split front to back (down ears)

• transverse= split top superficto bottom

superficial vs deep

superficial- close to surface of body
deep- further from surface of body

medial vs lateral

medial-  towards middle of body
lateral- towards side of body

posterior vs anterior

posterior- towards the back of the body
anterior- towards the front of the body

dorsal and ventral

dorsal = posterior

ventral = anterior

inferior vs superior

inferior- below
superior- above

caudal vs cranial

caudal- towards the tail
cranial- towards the brain

proximal vs distal

proximal- nearer to the point of attachment
distal- further from the point of attachment

flexion vs extension

movement:
flexion- smaller angle
extension- larger angle

abduction vs adduction

movement:
abduction- towards midline
adduction- away from midline

pronation vs supination

movement:
pronation- palm downwards
supination- palm upwards

protraction vs retraction

movement:
protraction- anterior movement away from midline
retraction- posterior movement towards midline

elevation vs depression

movement:
elevation- superior movement
depression- inferior movement

circumduction

movement:
circumduction- movement in a circle

rotation

movement:
rotation- turn along a long axis

components of thoracic cage

• thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs

  

• sternum

• ribs and costal cartilages

function of thoracic cage

• protection of viscera (soft internal organs)

• muscle attachment

relations of thoracic cage

pectoral girdle (clavicle/scapula)

parts of sternum

1. manubrium (green)

2. body (blue)

3. xiphoid process (purple)

where is the sternal angle

junction between manubrium and body- palpable bony landmark
2nd rib joins to sternum at sternal angle

costal cartilage

 (in blue)

12 pairs of ribs

classification of ribs

true- cartilage directly to the sternum (pairs 1-7)
flase- cartilage looping up to rib above (pairs 8-10)
floating- no cartilage + at back (pairs 11 + 12)

what is the costal margin

margin formed by lower costal cartilages as they join rib above (7th pair)

typical vs atypical ribs

typical: has head with 2 facets, angle, tubercle, body with costal groove and joins to cartilage
- 3rd to 9th pair
atypical: 1st, 2nd, 10th, 11th and 12th pair

thoracic vertebrae parts

• heart shaped body with demi facets

• costal facets of transverse process

• inferior pointing spinous processes

joints of thoracic cage

sterno-costal = cartilaginous- rib to sternum
costo-chondral = cartilaginous- cartilage to rib

costo-vertebral= synovial- head of rib with demi facets to vertebrae and IV disk

• exceptions 1st, 11th and 12th which only articulate
  with one vertebrae: T1, T11, T12 respectively.
  

costo-transverse= synovial- tubercle of rib to transverse processes

intercostal muscle

• 11 on right side

• 11 on left side

Clinical relevance:
5th intercostal space in midclavicular line on
left hand side =
Surface landmark for the Apex of the Heart

layers of intercostal muscles

• external intercostals

• internal intercostals

• innermost intercostals

Supplied by an intercostal artery, vein and nerve
which run in the (sub)costal groove of each
intercostal space

arterial supply of thoracic cage

• posterior intercostal arteries- from aorta

• anterior intercostal arteries- from internal thoracic artery- branch of subclavian artery

Venous drainage via azygos and hemiazygos