GCEN01E PRELIMS

GEOLOGY

Multidisciplinary science that combines chemistry, physics, and mathematics to investigate an enormous variety of processes that occur on and in the Earth.

GEOLOGY

The study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials and processes acting upon them.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

An applied branch of earth science. It involves the application of knowledge of geosciences to ensure safety, efficacy, and economy of engineering projects

GEOLOGY AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

work primarily involves activities related to rock and soil occurring in the top crustal layer of the earth. In a sense, the scope of a geologist and that of a civil engineer while working on a project are the same.

GEOLOGY AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

Both work towards construction of safe structures for the benefit of human beings. Mapping, Exploration, Project Planning, Groundwater Mapping, Slope Stability, Tunneling

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY

earthquakes, volcanoes, Earth's history, the processes that shape Earth's surface, and about Earth's resources.

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY

deals with the various processes of physical agents such as wind, water, glaciers, and sea waves, run on these agents and go on modifying the surface of the earth continuously. includes the study of Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (ETD).

MINERALOGY

It deals with the study of minerals.

MINERAL

may be defined as a naturally occurring, homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, having a definite chemical composition and ordered atomic arrangement.

PETROLOGY

it deals with "the study of rocks".

ROCK

is defined as the aggregation of minerals found in the earth’s crust.

PETROLOGY

is most important for a civil engineer in the selection of suitable rocks for building stones, road metals, etc.

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY (IN CE)

It reveals constructive and destructive processes of physical agents at a particular site. It helps in selecting a suitable site for different types of project to be under

MINERALOGY (IN CE)

To identify the rocks. In industries such as cement, iron, and steel, fertilizers, glass industry and so on. In the production of atomic energy.

PETROLOGY (IN CE)

Geology provides necessary information about the site of construction materials used in construction of buildings, dams, tunnels, tanks, reservoirs, highways and bridges.

Geological information

is most important in the planning phase, design and construction phase of an engineering project.

EARTH

The third planet from the Sun and is the only known planet to support life.

EARTH

It is made up of a number of layers with different densities and properties. It is divided into four main layers.

CRUST

The outermost and thinnest layer of the planet, ranging in thickness 5 km to 70 km.

CRUST

home to a diverse range of geological resources, including minerals, fossil fuels, and groundwater.

CRUST

mostly composed of silica, alumina, lime, magnesia, and iron oxide (rust).

OCEANIC CRUST

Is composed of magma that erupts on the seafloor to create basalt lava flows or cools deeper down to create the intrusive igneous rock gabbro.

CONTINENTAL CRUST

is made up of many different types of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks.

MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY (MOHO)

is a significant boundary within the Earth's structure, separating the crust from the mantle.

MANTLE

The biggest/largest layer of the earth, it is located below the crust.

MANTLE

It is mostly made of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron. This layer is not perfectly solid. At some locations, the rock is completely melted, which is called magma. When this magma reaches near the crust, it erupts as Lava from the volcanoes.

TRANSITION ZONE

The mantle is further divided into two regions, the upper and lower mantle, which are separated by a boundary known as the

UPPER MANTLE

extends from the crust to a depth of about 410 kilometers (255 miles).

UPPER MANTLE

is mostly solid, but its more malleable regions contribute to tectonic activity.

LITHOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE

Two parts of the upper mantle

LITHOSPHERE

is the solid, outer part of Earth, extending to a depth of about 100 kilometers (62 miles).

LITHOSPHERE

includes both the crust and the brittle upper portion of the mantle.

LITHOSPHERE

is both the coolest and the most rigid of Earth’s layers.

ASTHENOSPHERE

is the denser, weaker layer beneath the lithospheric mantle. It lies between about 100 kilometers (62 miles) and 410 kilometers (255 miles) beneath Earth’s surface.

ASTHENOSPHERE

The temperature and pressure are so high that rocks soften and partly melt, becoming semimolten

LOWER MANTLE

extends from about 660 kilometers (410 miles) to about 2,700 kilometers (1,678 miles) beneath Earth’s surface.

LOWER MANTLE

is hotter and denser than the upper mantle and transition zone.

REPPETI DISCONTINUITY

Divides the mantle into lower and upper. Passing through this discontinuity, seismic waves increase their speed.

GUTENBERG DISCONTINUITY

is a major boundary within the Earth's structure, separating the mantle from the core.

GUTENBERG DISCONTINUITY

The discontinuity is characterized by a rapid increase in seismic wave velocity, which occurs as the waves pass through the dense, iron

CORE

is made almost entirely of metal specifically, iron and nickel, unlike the mineral

CORE

is made up of an outer layer of liquid metal, and an inner core of solid metal that is about 70 percent the size of the Moon.

OUTER CORE

This layer of the Earth is in a liquid state at a temperature of 5000 C. This layer is mostly made of iron and nickel. Both of these two metals are in a liquid state due to intense heat.

OUTER CORE

is always in constant circulatory motion, which creates a magnetic field around the Earth. This magnetic field protects our Earth from the Sun’s deadly wind.

LEHMANN DISCONTINUITY

is a boundary within the Earth's structure that separates the liquid outer core from the solid inner core. The boundary is thought to be a result of the change in physical properties between the liquid and solid portions of the core.

INNER CORE

This is the hottest layer of the Earth, reaching a temperature of 7000 C; much hotter than the surface of the Sun. It is also composed of iron and nickel metal.

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

is a theory in geology that describes the drifting of Earth’s continents on the ocean bed.

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

According to this theory, Earth’s continents have moved on the ocean bed over a long time period, appearing to be drifted across the ocean.

Alfred Wegener

The theory of continental drift was first proposed by the German scientist

PLATE TECTONICS

is the theory in geology that describes the features and movement of the Earth’s surface in the present and in the past. This is a scientific theory that explains the large

PLATE BOUNDARIES

These are the edges where two plates meet. Most geologic activities, including volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building, take place at plate boundaries.

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY

It occurs when two plates move apart from each other.

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY

Happens when two plates collide.

TRANSFORM BOUNDARY

These are where two plates slide past each other.