United States History I Honors Review Sheet for Mid-Term Exam 2025

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60 Terms

1

Mercantilism

An economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and establishing favorable trade.

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2

Battle of Bunker Hill

A battle where 1500 British troops attacked, and despite running out of ammunition, Americans held off British assaults, resulting in heavy British casualties.

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3

House of Burgesses

The first example of 'representative government' in America.

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4

Whiskey Rebellion

A rebellion against an excise tax on whiskey imposed by Hamilton during Washington's presidency, which was suppressed without violence.

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5

Democracy

A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

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6

Battle of Yorktown

The final major battle in the Revolutionary War, leading to British surrender and the beginning of peace negotiations.

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7

Boston Massacre

An incident on March 5, 1770, where a confrontation between colonists and British soldiers resulted in the deaths of five colonists.

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8

Anti-Federalist

Opponents of the Constitution who demanded a Bill of Rights.

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9

Federalist

Advocates for the Constitution and a strong federal government.

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10

Alien Acts

Laws that increased residency requirements for citizenship and allowed the president to deport or imprison foreigners.

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11

Nullification

The belief that a state has the right to void a federal law it deems unconstitutional.

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12

Sedation Acts

Laws that made it a crime to publish or speak out against the government.

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13

Jay’s Treaty

A treaty that addressed issues between the US and Britain, including the evacuation of military posts and compensation for seized ships.

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14

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident where French diplomats demanded bribes from the US delegation, leading to calls for war.

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15

Pickney Treaty

A treaty with Spain granting the US access to the Mississippi River and establishing a border between US and Spanish territory.

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16

Shay’s Rebellion

A protest led by Massachusetts farmers against low farm prices and high taxes, highlighting weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation.

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17

Great Compromise

An agreement that established a bicameral legislature, combining both population-based representation and equal state representation.

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18

Common Sense

A pamphlet by Thomas Paine that encouraged colonies to seek independence from Great Britain.

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19

3/5 Compromise

An agreement that determined how slaves would be counted for representation and taxation purposes.

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20

National Bank

A financial institution proposed by Hamilton that Jefferson opposed, representing a debate over the interpretation of the Constitution.

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21

Mayflower Compact

A foundational document that established a government based on majority rule among the Pilgrim settlers.

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22

Congress

The legislative branch of the US government, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

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23

Checks and balances

A system that ensures no one branch of government becomes too powerful.

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24

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual liberties.

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25

Political Parties

The first political divisions in the US, primarily between the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.

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26

Electoral College

A system for electing the president via state-appointed electors.

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27

Boycott

A refusal to purchase goods in an effort to protest or demand change.

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28

Jamestown

The first permanent English colony in North America, established in 1607.

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29

Tories

Americans who remained loyal to Britain during the Revolutionary War.

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30

Pontiac’s Rebellion

A Native American uprising led by Chief Pontiac against British settlement in the Great Lakes region.

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31

Constitution

The foundational legal document of the US, ratified in 1789, outlining the structure of government.

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32

Reserved Powers

Powers not specifically granted to the federal government, reserved for the states.

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33

Federalist Papers

A collection of essays advocating for the ratification of the Constitution.

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34

Tariff

A tax on imports or exports.

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35

Navigation Acts

Laws to regulate colonial trade to benefit Britain.

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36

Committees of Safety

Colonial groups formed to organize resistance against British rule.

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37

Proclamation of 1763

An order forbidding American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

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38

Stamp Act

A tax that required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for legal documents and publications.

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39

Boston Tea Party

A protest against British taxation where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.

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40

Second Continental Congress

A gathering of colonial delegates that managed the war effort and adopted the Declaration of Independence.

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41

Constitutional Convention

A meeting that originally aimed to revise the Articles of Confederation but resulted in the drafting of the Constitution.

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42

Virginia Plan

Proposed a bicameral legislature based on population, presented by Madison during the Constitutional Convention.

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43

1st Continental Congress

A gathering of colonial representatives that met to address colonial grievances and organize resistance.

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44

Ratification

The formal approval of an agreement or treaty.

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45

Olive Branch Petition

A final plea to King George III from Congress to avoid war.

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46

Writs of assistance

Legal documents allowing British officials to search any property for smuggled goods.

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47

Minutemen

Colonial militia members ready to fight at a moment's notice.

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48

Strict Construction

A literal interpretation of the Constitution.

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49

Loose Construction

A broad interpretation of the Constitution.

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50

Sons of Liberty

A group founded by Samuel Adams to resist British taxation and policies.

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51

Articles of Confederation

The first governing document of the US, establishing a loose alliance of states.

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52

Election of 1800

An election that resulted in a tie between Jefferson and Burr, leading to a House decision in favor of Jefferson.

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53

Judiciary Act of 1801

An act that created new circuit courts and reduced the Supreme Court justices.

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54

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to declare a law unconstitutional.

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55

Thomas Paine

An influential writer whose pamphlet 'Common Sense' advocated for American independence.

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56

Molly Pitcher

A woman who contributed to the Revolutionary War by supplying water and even fighting in the battle.

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57

Gilbert Stuart

An American painter known for his portrait of George Washington.

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58

Alexander Hamilton

The first Secretary of the Treasury, who advocated for a strong central government and a national bank.

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59

George Washington

The first President of the United States and commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.

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60

James Madison

The 'Father of the Constitution' who played a key role in drafting and promoting the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

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