Human Bio final

cell

 Atoms combine to form molecules, molecules form organelles and organelles form cells

tissue

Groups of similar cells that have a common function (4)

organ

Discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types and performs a specific function

organ system

cells, tissue, organs, systems

nervous

communication by transmitting electrical impulses 

muscular

provides movement

connective

supports and protects the body

epithelial

covers body surface and line its cavities

superior

above towards the head end

inferior

below toward lower part of a structure

anterior

front of body

posterior

back of body

proximal

closer to origin of the body part

distal

farther from the origin of body part

superficial

external body surface

deep

internal body surface

metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

catabolism

breaking down substances into simpler building blocks

anabolism

 synthesizing complex substances from simpler building blocks

homeostasis

ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

negative feedback

output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity  

positive feedback

 initial response enhance the original stimulus so that further responses are even greater 

why carbon makes up major compounds in life

It can form four strong bonds; make long chains and rings, which are needed for things like DNA, proteins, and sugars

monomer

structural units

primary

linear sequence of amino acid

secondary

(Alpha (𝝰)- helix and Beta (𝞫)  pleated sheet)

tertiary

 produce a more compact globular molecule with the R groups involved in bonding

quaternary

two or more polypeptide chains combine to form a complex protein

hydrophobic

water fearing

hydrophilic

water loving

peptide bond

bond between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

substrate of an enzyme

 substance on which an enzyme acts (enzyme = lock and substrate = key) 

active site of an enzyme

part of the enzyme that fit and interact chemically with other molecules

List the characteristics of dna

in the nucleus, genetic material, double strand, agct

list characteristics of RNA

cytoplasm, single strand, agcu

Carbohydrates

monosaccharide

Lipids

fatty acid

proteins

amino acid

integral protein

span the entire membrane (transmembrane proteins) and have polar and nonpolar regions

peripheral protein

attach to integral proteins or to the top of the hydrophobic region of the membrane

glycolipids

lipids with a sugar attached to the surface

glycoproteins

proteins with a sugar attached to the surface

passive transport

diffusion of molecules down the concentration gradient without using energy

active transport

use of energy to move solutes across the membrane using transport proteins against the concentration gradient

exocytosis

moves substances out of the cell

endocytosis

moves substances into the cell

phagocytosis

 (cell eating) cell engulf large or solid material and the plasma membrane infolds around the solid

pinocytosis

(cell drinking) infolding of the plasma membrane surrounds a small amount of fluid containing dissolved molecules

diffusion

movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

facilitated diffusion

substances diffuse through the lipid bilayer by binding to a carrier protein or through a channel protein

hypertonic solutions

higher concentration of solutes than seen in the cell

hypotonic solutions

lower concentration of solutes than seen in the cell

plasma membrane

separates the intracellular fluid within the cell and the extracellular fluid outside the cell

nucleus

control center of the cell, contains instructions to make all the body’s proteins and dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be made

cytoplasm

cellular material between the plasma membrane and the nucleus and is the site of most cellular activities

mitochondria

produce atp

ribosome

produce proteins

flagella

propels the cell

cilia

motile cellular extensions

nucleoli

spherical bodies where the ribosomal subunits are assembled

epithelial

covers

muscular

supports

connective

moves

nervous

controls

pleurae

thoracic wall and covers the lungs

pericardium

encloses the heart

peritoneum

abdominopelvic viscera

voluntary muscle

movement under conscious control (skeletal muscle

involuntary muscle

movement not consciously controlled (cardiac and smooth muscle)

State the main classes of connective tissue

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

papillary

thin, superficial layer with fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers that form a loosely woven mat with small blood vessels

reticular

deeper, coarse, dense irregular connective tissue

stratum basale

deepest layer attached to the dermis and consists of single row of stem cells that produce new cells

stratum spinosum

(prickly layer) several cells thick and make up thick bundles of intermediate filaments to resist tension in the cell

stratum granulosum

(granular layer): one to five cell layers in which keratinization begins (cells fill with keratin) to make cells strong and water-tight

stratum lucidum

(clear layer) found only in thick skin and is a thin translucent layer above stratum granulosum with dead keratinocytes

stratum corneum

(horny layer) outermost dead layer of 20-30 cell layers and protect the skin against abrasion and penetration and shed regularly

keratinocytes

 produces keratin to form the protective properties and are dead cells by the time they reach the surface

melanocytes

make the pigment melanin that form a shield that protects the nucleus from UV radiation in sunlight

dendritic cells

come from the bone marrow and they ingest foreign substance and activate the immune system

tactile epithelial cells

sensory receptor for touch

eccrine

sweat glands (merocrine sweat glands)

apocrine

lies deeper in dermis and ducts empty into hair follicles

sebaceous glands

(oil glands) found all over the body except palms and feet

sebum

oily substance that softens and lubricates the hair and skin and prevents water loss and is a bactericidal

list the functions of the skin

protection, sensation, absorption, heat regulation, exertion, secretion

nail

scale-like modifications of the epidermis that forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of a finger or toe

nail matrix

thickening proximal portion of the nail bed that allows for nail growth

lunule

white crescent that lies over the thick nail matrix

cuticle

proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body

root

part embedded in the skin

shaft

part that projects above the skin

cortex

bulky layer surrounding the medulla with several layers of flattened cells

hair follicles

structure that folds down from the epidermal surface into the dermis

hair bulb

deep end of the follicle

cuticle

outermost single layer of cells overlapping like shingles on a roof most heavily keratinized to provide strength

long bone

longer than they are wide

short

cube shaped

flat bone

very flat and slight curve (ribs)