chapter 7 economic growth

aggregate production function

The process whereby an economy as a whole turns economic inputs such as human capital, physical capital, and technology into output measured as GDP per capita.

capital deepening

An increase by society in the average level of physical and/or human capital per person.

compound growth rate

The rate of growth when multiplied by a base that includes past GDP growth.

contractual rights

The rights of individuals to enter into agreements with others regarding the use of their property, providing recourse through the legal system in the event of noncompliance.

convergence

A pattern in which economies with low per capita incomes grow faster than economies with high per capita incomes.

human capital

The accumulated skills and education of workers.

Industrial Revolution

The widespread use of power-driven machinery and the economic and social changes that occurred in the first half of the 1800s.

infrastructure

A component of physical capital such as roads and rail systems.

innovation

Putting advances in knowledge to use in a new product or service.

invention

Advances in knowledge.

labor productivity

The value of what is produced per worker, or per hour worked (sometimes called worker productivity).

modern economic growth

The period of rapid economic growth from 1870 onward.

physical capital

The plant and equipment that firms use in production, including infrastructure.

production function

The process whereby a firm turns economic inputs like labor, machinery, and raw materials into outputs like goods and services that consumers use.

rule of law

The process of enacting laws that protect individual and entity rights to use their property as they see fit, with laws that are clear, public, fair, enforced, and applicable to all members of society.

special economic zone (SEZ)

An area of a country, usually with access to a port, where, among other benefits, the government does not tax trade.

technological change

A combination of invention—advances in knowledge—and innovation.

technology

All the ways in which existing inputs produce more or higher quality, as well as different and altogether new products.