BIOL 1040 Exam 3 Clemson

In multicellular algae and all land plants how does alternation of generations work?

a multicellular diploid (2N) forms alternates with a mutlicellular haploid (N)

What does a multicellular diploid form?

sporophytes

What do sporophytes produce?

haploid spores by meiosis

The sporophyte generation alternates with a __________ generation that features a multicellular haploid form called a ___________.

haploid; gametophyte

What does a gametophyte produce?

gametes (egg and sperm)

How do haploid gametophytes produce gametes?

mitosis

What does the fusion of the gametes begin?

the sporophyte generation

What do the cells in the sporophyte generation undergo in order to produce haploid, flagellated spores.

mitosis

When is the life cycle complete?

When a spore settles to the bottom of the ocean and develops into a gametophyte.

Is a gametophyte haploid or diploid?

haploid (N)

Is a sporophyte haploid or diploid?

diploid (2N)

How are prokaryotes classified?

by shape and reaction to a gram stain

What are the characteristics of a gram negative prokaryote?

pink stained, lipopolysaccharides, outermembrane, peptidoglycan (less), and a cytoplasmic membrane.

What are the characteristics of a gram positive prokaryote?

purple stained, peptidoglycan (MORE), and a cytoplasmic membrane.

True or False: Almost all prokaryotes have a cell wall.

True

What can prokaryotes include?

sticky capsule, flagella, and fimbriae.

How does the rapid prokaryote growth ensure survival of the prokaryotes?

generates a great deal of genetic variation, which increases the likelihood the population will persist in a changing environment.

What happens if the environment is too harsh for the prokaryotes?

They will form endospores.

What is an endospore?

ensures the survival of the bacterium through periods of environmental stress- they remain dormant until the environment is better.

What are the characteristics of a photoautotroph?

energy source is from sunlight and the carbon source is from CO2.

What are characteristics of a chemoautotroph?

energy source is from inorganic chemicals and the carbon source is from CO2.

What are characteristics of a photoheterotroph?

energy source is from sunlight, carbon source is from organic compounds.

What are characteristics of chemoheterotrophs?

Energy source is from organic compounds, carbon source is from organic compounds.

What domains are prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

What are the 5 major groups of bacteria?

Proteobacteria, Chlamydias, Gram positive, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria

What are proteobacteria?

waste baskets for sulfur

What are gram positive bacteria?

they have thick walls they are beneficial substances and used as antibiotics

What are cyanobacteria?

they fix nitrogen! also the FIRST photosynthesizers - photoautotrophs

What are chlamydias?

bacteria that are parasites that live within animal cells

What are spirochetes?

flexible spiral bacteria

Exotoxins

excreted waste

endotoxins

gram negative, components of outer membrane, when they die they go into you... WORSE FOR YOU

What are archaea?

A single celled organism that is prokaryotic and lives in extreme environments. their cell wall is different from bacteria because there is no peptidoglycan present. their RNA sequences match eukarya. histones present also suggest closer relation to eukarya.

What are extreme halophiles? (ARCHAEA)

salt lovers

What are extreme thermophiles? (ARCHAEA)

heat lovers

What are methanogens? (ARCHAEA)

anaerobic environments

What are protists?

mostly unicellular eukaryotes found in aquatic or moist habitats.

What are autotrophs?

Organisms that make their own food

What are heterotrophs?

organisms that cannot make their own food

What are mixotrophs?

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

oldest photosynthetic organism

stromatolites

Endosymbiosis

Type 1- engulfing a prokaryote, like a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfing a Cyanobacteria

Type 2- engulfing a eukaryote, like a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfing an autotrophic eukaryote

What are the supergroups of protists?

SAR, excavata, unikonta, and archaeplastida

What is the supergroup SAR?

Stramenopila, alveolata, rhizoria

What are stramenopila?

diatoms, brown algae, and water molds.

What are alveolata?

dinoflagellates, ciliates, certain parisites

dinoflagellates

unicellular autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs, diverse, cause red tide, ALVEOLATES

Ciliates

unicellular protist, use cilia to move, ALVEOLATES

What are rhizoria?

forams and radiolarians (amoebas)

amoebas

a group of protozoans that move by means of pseudopods, part of RHIZORIA

What are excavates?

protists with modified mitochondria and unique flagella

What are unikonts?

closely related to fungi and animals

they are amoebazoans, then fungi and animals

What is the supergroup unikonta made up of?

amoebas, plasmodial slime molds, and cellular slime molds

Amoebas

two types - free-living and parasitic.. have lobe shaped pseudopodia

plasmodial slime molds

a type of protist that has ameboid cells, flagellated cells, and a plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle. there are many nuclei and a massive cytoplasm. they do not go through cytokinesis.

cellular slime molds

an example of an aggregate, can change shape, makes snot to reproduce

Sponges

have no tissues, just functional groups cell to cell. cilia does filtering, and can reform after being separated. they are sessile, they sit and wait. the functional group is the choanocyte which comes in contact with the amoebacyte.

What are archeaplastids?

red algae, green algae, landplants.

What are red algae?

mostly multicellular- found in coral reefs.

What are green algae?

unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

Red and Green Algae(Charophyceans)

Which are closely related to land plants?

What do red and green algae go through to reproduce?

alternation of generations

What are archaeplastida?

landplants (closely related to a group of green algae)

what do brown algae have

both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c. They also have different carotenoids compared to green and red algae. STRAMENOPHILE

diatoms

part of stramenopila. phytoplankton do the majority of photosynthesis on earth. they have two valves with a silica outer layer (like glass). STRAMENOPHILE

water molds

heterotrophic decomposers, parasitic, STRAMENOPHILE

when did photosynthesis emerge

3 to 4 bya

When did multicellular eukaryotes evolve?

1.2 billion years ago, it was convergent - evolved independently

when did internal organelles appear

1.8 bya

when did plants appear on land

470 mya

earliest to latest development of tissues

What are leaves?

photosynthetic organs

What are reproductive structures of plants?

the flowers (contain spores and gametes)

What is the cuticle?

maintains leaf's moisture balance. Covers most leaf surfaces. Secreted by epidermis of leaf; is waxy.

What are the stomata?

small openings on a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

What is lignin?

hardens the cell walls of some vascular tissues

What is the stem of a plant?

supports the plant and may do photosynthesis.

What are vascular tissues?

Vascular tissues transports water and nutrients throughout the plant. Also provides support.

What are roots?

organs that anchor vascular plants

What are mycorrhizae?

a fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship.

What are nonvascular plants?

bryophytes- mosses, hornworts, liverworts.

Do vascular plants have supportive conductive tissues?

yes

What are ferns?

seedless vascular plants with flagellated sperm

What are flagellated sperm?

sperm with flagella (movement)

What are seed plants?

have sperm (pollen grains) and they protect embryos in seeds.

What are gymnosperms?

plants that produce seeds without flowers (conifers and cycads)

What are angiosperms?

seeds develop within protective ovaries (fruit)

In seed plants, does reproduction require moisture?

no (pollen grains carry male gametophytes to female gametophytes)

What does the zygote develop into in seed plants?

sporophyte embryo

What does the sporophyte embryo develop into in seed plants?

an ovule which becomes a seed.

What is a seeds purpose?

stores food and provides a protective coat.

What is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction?

the flower.

What does the flower consist of?

sepals, petals, stamen (produce pollen) and carpels (produce ovules)

What is an angiosperm?

sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers.

Ovules turn into

seeds

Ovaries turn into

fruit

How do flowers attract pollinators?

color and scent (the pollinators are rewarded with nectar and pollen)

What are fungi?

They are eukaryote heterotrophs that have cell walls.

How do fungi absorb nutrients?

after digesting it outside their bodies.

Fungi consist of a mass of threadlike _________ called a __________.

hyphae, mycelium