PSYCH Exam 3: Student made

What is the nativist perspective on language acquisition?

It argues that humans are biologically equipped with an innate capacity for language, often described as a 'language acquisition device.'

Who is most strongly associated with the nativist perspective?

Noam Chomsky, later supported by Steven Pinker.

What is the poverty of the stimulus problem?

It states that the linguistic input children receive is insufficient to fully explain their mastery of grammar.

What does the behaviorist perspective emphasize in language acquisition?

It emphasizes environmental influences, proposing that children acquire language through imitation, reinforcement, and conditioning.

What is the social interactionist perspective on language development?

It argues that while biological predispositions exist, social interaction is essential for language development.

What are the core components analyzed in language acquisition?

Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

What role does auditory perception play in language learning?

It begins early in life and is crucial for later language production and comprehension.

What is perceptual narrowing?

It is the process by which infants become more sensitive to the sounds of their native language while losing the ability to discriminate non-native sounds.

What is infant-directed speech?

A type of speech characterized by higher pitch, exaggerated intonation, and simple vocabulary that aids in early language learning.

What is the typical trajectory of language development in infants?

It includes cooing, babbling, producing first words, and combining words into phrases.

What is fast mapping in language acquisition?

It is the process of forming quick initial associations between words and their meanings after minimal exposure.

How do children use gestures in early language development?

Gestures serve as a bridge between nonverbal and verbal communication and are predictive of later language development.

What is joint attention and its significance in language learning?

It involves shared focus on an object or event, providing context for learning word meanings.

What are the cognitive advantages associated with bilingualism?

Bilingualism is linked to enhanced executive functioning skills such as attention control, task switching, and cognitive flexibility.

At what age do children typically master basic aspects of their language?

By the age of 5 to 7.

What is the significance of caregiver responsiveness in language development?

It supports language learning by providing structured input and feedback.

What is the role of social tools in language learning?

They include joint attention, imitation, and caregiver responsiveness, which are essential for language acquisition.

What is the relationship between comprehension and production in language development?

Comprehension typically precedes production, meaning children understand more than they can express.

What are holophrases?

Single words that convey entire sentences, typically produced around 12 months of age.

What is telegraphic speech?

A stage where children combine two words, such as 'me juice,' marking the beginning of syntactic development.

How do infants begin to recognize patterns in language?

By 18 months, they start recognizing patterns and regularities in language.

What is the significance of vocabulary spurt?

It is a rapid vocabulary expansion that occurs between 18 and 24 months.

What is the role of pointing in early language development?

Pointing serves to request objects, inform others, and share attention, which is crucial for language learning.

How does the structure of child-directed speech aid language acquisition?

It simplifies linguistic input, making it easier for children to process and learn language.

What is the impact of bilingualism on vocabulary development?

Bilingual children may have smaller vocabularies in each language but comparable or greater total vocabulary across both languages.

What is the significance of the study by DeCasper and Spence (1986)?

It demonstrated that newborns can recognize stories they heard in utero, indicating early language learning.

What continues to develop beyond early language stages?

Expansion of vocabulary, phonological awareness, understanding grammatical exceptions, and pragmatic skills.

Who conducted significant research on word morphology in children?

Steven Pinker

What phenomenon occurs when children incorrectly apply grammatical rules to irregular verbs?

Overregularization

What are the two key dimensions used to define parenting styles?

Responsiveness and demandingness

What is the most effective parenting style characterized by high responsiveness and demandingness?

Authoritative parenting

What are the typical outcomes for children raised in authoritarian parenting environments?

Children may be compliant but may have lower self-esteem and weaker social skills.

What parenting style is characterized by high responsiveness but low demandingness?

Permissive parenting

What are the consequences of neglectful (uninvolved) parenting?

Emotional difficulties, attachment issues, and behavioral problems.

How does socioeconomic status (SES) influence parenting practices?

Families with fewer resources may adopt stricter strategies, while higher-SES families may prioritize independence and self-expression.

What is the process by which children adopt their parents' values and beliefs?

Internalization

What role do peer groups play as children develop?

They become significant socializing agents influencing behavior, attitudes, and identity formation.

What is the 'Kindchenschema' and its significance in caregiving?

A set of infantile features that trigger caregiving responses in adults, supporting infant survival.

What hypothesis suggests that grandmothers evolved to enhance the survival of their grandchildren?

The grandmother hypothesis

What are the benefits of grandparent involvement in children's lives?

Associated with positive outcomes such as fewer internalizing problems, greater self-efficacy, and increased prosocial behavior.

What is the impact of family structure on child outcomes?

The quality of relationships within the family is more important than the specific family structure.

How does the parenting style differ in collectivist cultures compared to Western contexts?

Strict discipline may be seen as care and investment in the child's success rather than negative outcomes.

What is the significance of emotional support in families with working parents?

Children do not experience negative outcomes as long as they receive adequate emotional support and supervision.

What is the relationship between grandparent relationships in childhood and adult outcomes?

Being close to grandparents during childhood is not strongly associated with adult outcomes like depression or self-esteem.

What is the importance of adapting parenting strategies to individual children?

Effective parenting must consider individual differences such as temperament.

What are the long-term effects of parenting on self-regulation and morality?

Children move from external control to internal control based on personal values.

What is the role of peer approval during adolescence?

It becomes especially important, shaping choices related to behavior, interests, and risk-taking.

What factors influence the decision to have children?

Weighing both challenges and benefits.

What are some challenges of parenting?

Concerns about a child's well-being, loss of personal freedom, financial strain, interference with career goals, reduced privacy, and potential stress on romantic relationships.

What emotional rewards do individuals often seek from parenting?

Giving and receiving love and affection, experiencing joy in raising a child, gaining a sense of accomplishment, and finding deeper meaning in life.

How does the timing of parenthood affect the parenting experience?

Having children earlier offers physical energy and fewer complications, while having children later allows for personal and career development, leading to greater maturity and financial stability.

What major changes does parenting bring to an individual's life?

Changes in daily routines, professional responsibilities, personal identity, and romantic relationships.

What is pairbonding in the context of parenting?

The cooperative relationship between parents that highlights the importance of shared caregiving.

What is alloparenting?

Care provided by individuals other than the biological parents, which can reduce stress and improve outcomes for families.

What is the definition of bullying?

Repeated aggressive behavior involving a power imbalance, which can take physical, verbal, or social forms.

What are the negative outcomes associated with bullying?

Anxiety, depression, low self-esteem for victims, and behavioral problems for perpetrators.

What distinguishes cyberbullying from traditional bullying?

Cyberbullying includes anonymity, instant reach to large audiences, and the permanence of harmful content.

What are Selman's stages of friendship?

Stages include momentary playmates (ages 3-8), one-way assistance (ages 5-9), fair-weather cooperation (ages 7-12), intimacy and mutuality (ages 10-15), and autonomy and interdependence (adolescence and beyond).

How do friendships evolve from early childhood to adolescence?

They progress from activity-based interactions to deeper relationships based on trust, loyalty, and mutual support.

What is cumulative cultural evolution?

The process by which knowledge, skills, and innovations are transmitted across generations and progressively improved over time.

What is Vygotsky's sociocultural theory?

A framework emphasizing that children learn through interaction with more knowledgeable others within their cultural environment.

What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance or collaboration.

What role does scaffolding play in learning?

Scaffolding provides structured support to help children perform tasks beyond their independent ability, gradually reducing support as competence increases.

How do cultural contexts influence learning processes?

Cultural context shapes what is considered developmentally appropriate and how scaffolding is implemented, leading to variations in learning across societies.

What is the significance of peer relationships in child development?

They provide emotional security, opportunities for self-disclosure, and contexts for developing identity and interpersonal skills.

What is the impact of positive peer relationships?

They serve important developmental functions and help shape emotional and social competence throughout life.

What are the common characteristics of close friendships?

They tend to involve more conflicts than acquaintances but are resolved more effectively due to shared commitment.

What is the relationship between parenting and grandparenting?

Both are complex processes shaped by biological instincts, social relationships, cultural contexts, and individual life circumstances.

What challenges do migrant children face in development?

They often experience unique challenges related to cultural adaptation, identity formation, and social integration.

How do individualism and collectivism differ in parenting styles?

Individualism emphasizes personal autonomy and self-expression, while collectivism focuses on group harmony and interdependence.

What are cultural differences in parental modeling on sharing behaviors?

Different cultures may have varying expectations and practices regarding sharing, influenced by their social values.

What are cultural differences in modesty lies?

Different cultures may have distinct norms regarding the appropriateness of modesty and the use of lies to maintain social harmony.

What is the role of social support systems in parenting?

They provide additional resources, reduce stress, and improve outcomes for both parents and children.

What is the importance of cross-cultural comparisons in developmental psychology?

They help understand how cultural contexts shape development and parenting practices, revealing the diversity of human experiences.

What is the significance of imitative learning in cultural contexts?

Imitative learning allows children to acquire complex cultural behaviors efficiently by interpreting others' intentions rather than simple copying.

What are the different types of cultural learning identified?

Types include free exploration, observational learning, guided participation, and formal instruction.

How does guided participation differ from formal instruction?

Guided participation involves experts providing feedback and gradually increasing a child's responsibility, while formal instruction involves direct teaching and explicit explanation.

Why are cross-cultural comparisons important in developmental psychology?

They help distinguish between universal aspects of human development and those shaped by specific cultural contexts.

What is the WEIRD population in psychological research?

WEIRD stands for Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic populations, which represent a small portion of the global population.

How does cultural learning influence children's behavior and cognition?

Cultural learning shapes how children acquire knowledge, skills, values, and norms from their cultural environment.

What are the differences in parent-child interactions between WEIRD and non-WEIRD societies?

WEIRD cultures tend to be more child-centered with verbal engagement, while non-WEIRD cultures may be more hierarchical and less verbally focused.

How do individualistic and collectivist cultures differ in their parenting practices?

Individualistic cultures prioritize autonomy and self-expression, while collectivist cultures emphasize group harmony and social responsibility.

What role does parental modeling play in children's social behaviors?

Parental modeling teaches children how to behave in social contexts, with variations across cultures influencing behaviors like sharing and honesty.

How does socioeconomic status (SES) impact children's development?

SES affects access to resources and exposure to stressors, influencing cognitive development, emotional regulation, and identity formation.

What challenges do migrant children face in their development?

Migrant children navigate multiple cultural systems, face discrimination, and may experience identity confusion while developing strengths like bilingualism.

What are the developmental tasks of adolescence?

Key tasks include establishing identity, gaining autonomy, forming complex relationships, developing moral reasoning, and preparing for future roles.

What initiates puberty in adolescents?

Puberty is initiated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to increased production of gonadal hormones.

What are primary and secondary sexual characteristics?

Primary sexual characteristics are directly related to reproduction, while secondary sexual characteristics are physical changes that occur during puberty.

What is menarche?

Menarche is the first occurrence of menstruation in females, marking the onset of reproductive capability.

What is spermarche?

Spermarche is the first occurrence of sperm production in males, marking the onset of reproductive capability.

What factors affect pubertal timing?

Factors include genetics, environmental influences, and socioemotional stress.

How do adolescents typically react to early or late maturation?

Reactions can vary, with early maturation often leading to increased social pressures and late maturation potentially causing feelings of inadequacy.

Why is body image a focal concern during adolescence?

Adolescents are particularly sensitive to changes in their bodies, which can affect self-esteem and social interactions.

What role does brain development play in adolescent thinking?

Brain development influences cognitive abilities, decision-making, and risk-taking behaviors during adolescence.

What is adolescent egocentrism?

Adolescent egocentrism is the heightened self-consciousness and belief that others are as interested in them as they are in themselves.

What is the significance of the stop-light game in adolescent research?

The stop-light game is used to study decision-making and risk-taking behaviors in adolescents, providing insights into their cognitive development.

What are the implications of findings from the stop-light game?

Findings can inform understanding of adolescent risk-taking and the influence of brain development on decision-making.

What initiates puberty?

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

What hormones are primarily produced during puberty?

Testosterone in males and estrogen in females.

What is the typical age range for the onset of puberty in girls?

Ages 8-13.