chapter 1 exam

What is the RAAS?

The RAAS regulates fluid retention and vasoconstriction via hormones, enzymes, and proteins.

What initiates the RAAS?

The kidneys by releasing renin when blood pressure or volume decreases.

What is renin?

Enzyme released by kidneys that converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.

What are Angiotensin Converting Enzymes (ACE)?

Proteins that convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II, found in the lungs, liver, and endothelial lining.

What is Angiotensin II?

A peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction, stimulates release of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, increases thirst and sodium craving, and causes renal tubules to retain sodium and water.

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

What does the central nervous system consist of?

Brain and spinal cord

What are the two systems of the peripheral nervous system?

Somatic and Autonomic systems

Which system is responsible for voluntary movement?

Somatic system

Which system controls vital functions and involuntary movements?

Autonomic system

What are the main functions of the kidneys?

Fluid regulation, blood pressure regulation, filtering and waste removal.

Where do nephrons begin?

Renal cortex of the kidney

What is the main function of the renal medulla?

Maintains fluid homeostasis and electrolyte balance.

Describe the minor and major calyxes' function.

Small cup-shaped collection chambers that collect from renal papillae, where urine flows into the major calyx.

What is the renal pelvis?

The center of the kidney, funnel shaped part of the ureter attached to the kidney.

What is the primary function of nephrons, and where are they mostly located?

They're where the 'work' happens in the kidneys, and they're mostly located in the renal cortex.

What is ventilation?

Process of moving air in and out of lungs.

What is alveolar ventilation?

Gas exchange.

How many lobes are in each lung?

3 lobes in the right lung, 2 lobes in the left lung.

What is the role of epithelial tissue in the lungs?

Lines the airways and alveoli.

What are alveoli?

Small sacs where gas exchange takes place.

What do thin-walled blood vessels do in the alveoli?

Deliver oxygen and carbon dioxide to alveoli for exchange.

Where are chemoreceptors located, and what do they detect?

Located in medulla, carotid bodies, and aorta; detect gas concentrations in blood.

Where are mechanoreceptors located?

Located in lungs and airway smooth muscle.