Psychology 101 Exam 2

insomnia

reoccuring problem falling and/or staying asleep

narcolepsy

uncontrolled seizures of sleep during waking state

sleep apnea

temporarily stopping breathing

passivity

waiting to be told what to do

narrowed attention

concentrated on something else

perceptual distortion

convincing that you feel something thats not really there

hypermnesia 

heightened memory

role theory

people are acting like they’re hypnotized

dissociation theory

believe its an altered state of consciousness, parts of your brain are being distracted

unconditioned stimulus (US)

stimulus that causes unlearned reflexive behavior

unconditioned response (UR)

unlearned response to a unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus (CS)

a previously neutral stimulus that produces a conditioned response because it has been paired repeatedly with the unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response (CR)

a learned response to the conditioned stimulus

generalization

tendency of a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

discrimination

the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli but not to others

extinction

weakening of conditioned stimulus’ tendency to elict the conditioned response

spontaneous recovery

reoccurrence of extinguished conditioned response

shaping

rewarding approximations of the desired behavior

positive reinforcement

a rewarding stimulus that when presented increases frequency of behavior

punishment

an aversive stimulus that when presented decreases the frequency of behavior

punishment

an aversive stimulus that when presented decreases the frequency of behavior

negative reinforcement

an aversive stimulus that when removed increases frequency of behavior

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing response everytime it occurs

intermittent reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time

fixed ratio schedule

reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of correct responses

variable ratio schedule

reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of correct responses

fixed interval schedule

a correct response is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has passed

fixed ratio 1

continuous reinforcement

variable interval schedule

a correct response is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time has passed 

procedural memory

knowledge of ways of doing things

declarative memory

knowledge about facts and things

episodic memory

memories of events that occur in a persons presence

semantic memory

general knowledge of facts and things

encoding

modifying information so it can be placed in the memory

storage

the maintenance of encoding info overtime

retrieval

locating stored information and bringing it into consciousness

sensory memory

a system of memory that holds information very briefly, but long enough so it can be processed further

iconic memory

visual sensory information

echoic memory

auditory sensory information

working memory

memory where we hold information we are aware of at any particular moment

chunking

organizing information into units

serial position effect

tendency to recall most accurately the first and last items in a series

long term memory

memory capable of relatively permanent storage of information

schema

generic ideas or concept that we store in memory

hierarchy

arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common features

context dependent learning

information is better retrieved in the context in which it was learned

state-dependent learning

information is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was learned

shallow-processing

superficially processing information

deep-processing

processing new information by connecting it to information you already know

recognition

identification of information that you have encountered before

recall

reproduction or reconstruction of the learned material

relearning

looking at how long it takes someone to relearn something again

retroactive interference

when new learning interferes with the retrieval of old information [old info ← new info]

proactive interference

old learning interferes with the learning of new information [old info → new info]

concept

a category used to group things in the basis of common properties

prototype

an excellent example of a category

problem solving

an attempt to find an appropriate way of attaining a goal when the goal is not readily available

IDEAL

Identify the problem, Define and represent the problem, Explore possible strategies, Acting on the plan, Looking at the effects

algorithm

procedure thats guarenteed to produce an answer

heuristic

a strategy that suggests a solution

mental set

tendency to respond to a new problem with an approach that has been successful with similar problems

functional fixedness

tendency to view an object in terms of its familiar use

availibility

tendency to evaluate the likelihood of things by recalling the frequency of its occurences

representativeness

tendency to evaluate the likelihood of things based on how well something matches a prototype 

framing

tendency for the way an issue is posed to affect our judgements

phonemes

smallest unit of sound

morphemes

smallest unit of meaning

syntax

rules for combining words into grammatical sentences

cooing

vowel-like sounds that relflect feelings of pleasure

babbling

vowel - consonant combinations

holophrase

a single word that relays a complete meaning

telegraphic speech

the tendency to use content words while admitting words and endings that convey less meaning

nativist view

the ability to learn language is innate

learning view

language aquisition can be accounted for by traditional learning principles