module 4 (bones and joints)

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

The left and right scapulae and the left and right clavicles.

How do the scapulae articulate with the axial skeleton?

The scapulae do not join to the axial skeleton directly; they are attached by muscles and ligaments.

What is the primary function of the clavicle?

It provides muscle attachment and acts as a brace for the scapula and arms.

What is the glenoid cavity?

A part of the scapula that articulates with the humerus, forming the shoulder joint.

What are the three main sections of the upper limb?

humerus, radius and ulna, carpal bones and phalanges

What type of joint is formed between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius?

A pivot joint.

What is the anatomical position of the radius and ulna?

the radius is lateral and the ulna is medial.

What is the mnemonic for the carpal bones?

Straight Line To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb.

Which carpal bone is most frequently fractured?

The scaphoid.

How many phalanges does each digit have?

Digits II-V have three phalanges, while digit I (thumb) has two.

What is the typical presentation of a wrist fracture?

A 'Dinner-fork' presentation.

What is the role of the interosseous membrane?

It connects the radius and ulna, keeping them a fixed distance apart and allowing rotation.

What happens during supination of the forearm?

The radius is parallel to the ulna.

What happens during pronation of the forearm?

The radius crosses over the ulna.

What bone is located laterally in the leg and does not articulate with the femur at the knee?

Fibula

What is the largest and strongest bone in the body?

Femur

What are the three bones that compose the os coxae?

Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis

What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk and supports viscera.

What is the name of the joint where the hip bones articulate anteriorly?

Pubic symphysis

What is the pelvic inlet?

The space between the pelvic and abdominal cavities.

What is the apex of the patella?

The inferior point of the patella.

What is the role of the patella?

Protects the knee joint and improves leverage of the quadriceps muscles.

What is the medial malleolus?

The projection at the distal end of the tibia that forms part of the ankle.

What is the function of the arches of the foot?

Support and distribute body weight.

What are the seven tarsal bones that make up the ankle?

Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, and three Cuneiforms.

What is the term for the big toe?

Hallux

What is the significance of the greater sciatic notch?

Allows passage of the sciatic nerve to the lower limb.

What is the pelvic outlet?

The inferior opening defined by ischial tuberosities.

What is the term for the bones of the fingers?

Phalanges

What are the three types of phalanges in the hand?

Proximal, Middle, and Distal phalanges.

What is the function of the femur's condyles?

Articulate with the tibia.

What is the anatomical term for the sit bones?

Ischial tuberosities

What are the two types of pelvis defined by the pelvic inlet?

True pelvis and False pelvis.

What is the significance of the acetabulum?

It is the socket where the head of the femur articulates.

What is the role of the quadriceps femoris muscle?

Extends the knee joint.

What is the distal end of the tibia flattened for?

Articulation with the talus.

What happens to tendons over time that can lead to fallen arches?

They can begin to fail due to under or overuse.

What is the primary function of the foot?

Supports body weight and acts as a lever for movement.

What are the two primary functions of joints?

Support and movement.

What is the relationship between mobility and stability in joints?

More mobile joints are generally less stable.

How can joints be classified?

By function or by structure.

What type of joint is connected by cartilage tissue and is usually slightly movable?

Cartilaginous joints.

What type of joint is characterized by a joint cavity within a capsule?

Synovial joints.

What type of joint is connected by fibrous connective tissue and is immovable?

Fibrous joints.

What are synchondroses?

A type of cartilaginous joint where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage.

What is the role of synovial fluid?

Provides lubrication in the joint cavity.

What is the articular capsule?

A structure that surrounds synovial joints, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane.

What is the largest and most complex joint in the human body?

The knee joint.

What are the two main types of movements allowed by synovial joints?

Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction.

What is the 'Unhappy Triad' injury?

A common knee injury involving damage to the medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament.

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?

A joint divided by an articular disc into superior and inferior compartments, allowing gliding and hinge movements.

What is the primary function of the glenohumeral joint?

It is a ball-and-socket joint that allows a wide range of movements.

What is the primary role of the menisci in the knee joint?

Help stabilize the joint and distribute weight evenly.

What type of joint is the elbow?

A hinge joint that allows flexion and extension.

What is osteoarthritis?

A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage.

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

An autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane.

What is a bursa?

A sac-like structure filled with synovial fluid that reduces friction in joints.

What is the function of tendon sheaths?

Wrap around tendons to reduce friction where they may rub against bones.

What are the two types of ligaments found in the knee joint?

Collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL) and cruciate ligaments (ACL and PCL).

What is the function of articular cartilage?

Absorbs forces on the joint and protects the underlying bone.

What type of joint allows for rotation?

Pivot joints.

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

A joint that allows for movement in multiple directions, such as the shoulder and hip joints.

What is the role of the annular ligament in the elbow?

It forms a pivot at the proximal radioulnar joint, allowing rotation.

What type of joint is a hinge joint?

A uniaxial joint that allows movement primarily in one plane.

What is the significance of the articular disc in the TMJ?

It divides the joint into compartments, allowing for different types of movement.