Anatomy Muscular System (Anatomy)

flexion

decreasing the angle between 2 body regions

extension

increasing the angle between 2 body regions

dorsiflexion

pointing the toes upward

plantarflexion

pointing the toes downward

abduction

movement away from the midline

aduction

movement toward the midline

pronation

rotation of the forearms so the thumbs point medially

supination

rotation of the forearms so the thumbs point laterally

inversion

soles facing medially (most common ankle sprain)

eversion

soles facing laterally

protraction

sticking a body part out

retraction

pulling a body part back in

elevation

raising a body part upward

depression

moving a body part downward

rotation

movement around a central axis

circumduction

movement so the distal end of the bone forms a circle

prime mover

muscle that performs the majority of the work for a certain action

synergists

muscles that assist the prime mover

antagonists

muscles that perform the opposite action as another group of muscles

1) shape

2) location

3) action

4) combination of above

how muscles are named

M: orbicularis oculi

A: squinting, winking

M: orbicularis oris

A: pursing lips

M: zygomaticus major and minor

A: elevates the angle of the mouth (smile, laugh)

M: frontalis

O: galea aponeurotica

I: skin of the eyebrows

A: elevating the eyebrows

M: occipitalis

O: occipital bone

I: galea aponeurotica

A: pulls scalp backward

M: buccinator

A: compresses cheeks (wind instrument, holds food between cheek)

M: masseter

I: mandible

A: elevates mandible

-prime mover, synergist w/ temporalis

M: temporalis

I: mandible

A: elevates mandible

-synergist w/ masseter

M: lateral pterygoid

I: mandible

A: grinds teeth

M: medial pterygoid

I: mandible

A: grinds teeth

M: platysma

I: mandible

A: depresses mandible

M: SCM

O: sternum, clavicle

I: mastoid process

A: both- flex head

solo- rotate head

SCM (sterno cleido mastoid)

muscles that move the head

M: trapezius

O: occipital bone

I: scapula

A: elevate shoulders & extends head

M: levator scapulae

I: scapula

A: elevate scapula

M: rhomboid major/minor

I: scapula

A: elevate and adduct scapula

M: serratus anterior

O: costals 1-9

I: scapula

A: pulls shoulders down and forward

-prime mover

M: pectoralis minor

I: scapula

A: push shoulders down and forward

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (SITS)

rotator cuff muscles

M: pectoralis major

I: humerus

A: flex & adduct upper arm

M: latissimus dorsi

I: humerus

A: extend & adduct upper arm

M: teres major

I: humerus

A: medially rotate arm

M: supraspinatus

O: scapula

I: humerus

A: abduct & laterally rotate upper arm

-rotator cuff muscle

M: infraspinatus

O: scapula

I: humerus

A: laterally rotate upper arm

-rotator cuff muscle

M: teres minor

O: scapula

I: humerus

A: laterally rotate upper arm

-rotator cuff muscle

M: subscapularis

I: humerus

A: medially rotate upper arm

-rotator cuff muscle

M: deltoid

I: humerus

A: abducts arm

-Anterior portion: arm flexion

-Posterior portion: arm extension

M: coracobrachialis

I: humerus

A: flexes arm

M: biceps brachii

I: radius/ulna

A: flexes forearm

-short head= medial

-long head= lateral

M: brachialis

I: radius/ulna

A: flexes forearm

M: brachioradialis

I: radius/ulna

A: flexes forearm

M: triceps brachii

I: radius/ulna

A: extends forearm

-3 heads, 1 hidden

-prime mover, synergist with anconeus

M: anconeus

I: radius/ulna

A: extends forearm

-synergist with triceps brachii

M: supinator

I: radius/ulna

A: supinates forearm

M: pronator teres

I: radius/ulna

A: pronates forearm

-prime mover, synergist with pronator quadratus

M: pronator quadratus

I: radius/ulna

A: pronates forearm

-synergist with pronator teres

M: flexor group

O: medial epicondyle (humerus)

A: flex wrist/hand

-ANTERIOR

M: extensor group

O: lateral epicondyle (humerus)

A: extend wrist/hand

-POSTERIOR

M: diaphragm

A: depression of lungs (inhalation)

M: serratus posterior inferior

A: depresses costals (forced inhalation)

M: serratus posterior superior

A: elevates costals (forced inhalation)

M: internal intercostals

A: forced inhalation

M: external intercostals

A: forced and normal inhalation

M: internal abdominal obliques

M: external abdominal obliques

M: transversus abdominus

M: rectus abdominus

1) forced exhalation

2) trunk flexion

3) trunk rotation

4) posture

5) hold in abdominal contents

actions of the abdominal muscles

iliopsoas, gluteal group, adductor group

muscles that move the thigh

gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus

gluteal group (3)

M: iliopsoas

I: femur

A: flex thigh

M: gluteus maximus

I: femur

A: thigh extension & lateral rotation

M: gluteus medius

I: femur

A: abduct thigh

M: gluteus minimus

I: femur

A: abduct thigh

M: TFL (tensor fascia lata)

I: IT band

A: flexes thigh

M: adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis

I: femur

A: adduct thigh

-AKA groin muscles

adductor muscles

M: gracilis

A: adduct thigh & flex lower leg

-2nd longest muscle

M: sartorius

A: abduct thigh, flex thigh, rotate thigh laterally, flex lower leg

-longest muscle

-sitting with leg over knee

biceps femoris, semitendonosus, semimembranosus

hamstrings muscles (3)

rectus femoris, vastos medialis, vastos lateralis, vastos intermedius

quadriceps muscles (4)

M: biceps femoris

A: extend thigh & flex lower leg

-Hamstrings muscle

M: semitendonosus

A: extend thigh & flex lower leg

-Hamstrings muscle

M: semimembranosus

A: extend thigh & flex lower leg

-Hamstrings muscle

M: rectus femoris

I: patella (D), tibia (ID)

A: flex thigh & extend lower leg

-Quadriceps muscle

M: vastos medialis

I: patella (D), tibia (ID)

A: extend lower leg

-Quadriceps muscle

inside

M: vastos lateralis

I: patella (D), tibia (ID)

A: extend lower leg

-Quadriceps muscle

outside

M: vastos intermedius

I: patella (D), tibia (ID)

A: extend lower leg

-Quadriceps muscle

under rectus femoris

M: gastrocnemius

I: calcaneus (achilles tendon)

A: plantarflexion

M: soleus

I: calcaneus (achilles tendon)

A: plantarflexion

-prime mover

M: tibialis anterior

A: dorsiflexion, inversion

-micro tears leading to shin splints

M: peronius longus

A: eversion