English Grammar!

Nouns

Common-

• refers to persons, places, things, or ideas,

• not capitalized unless at beginning of sentence; ex, book, mouth

Propper-

• name specific people, places, things, or ideas

• always capitalized; ex, New York City, January

Concrete-

• a noun that can be identified through one of the five senses (taste, touch, sight, hearing, or smell)

• ex, chair, book (those are common and concrete)

Abstract-

• a noun that CANNOT be perceived using one of the five senses (i.e., taste, touch, sight, hearing, smelling).

• ex, hopeful, happiness

Pronouns

-Antecedent

• ex, Meg choreographed a dance, and now she is teaching it.

• The pronoun she replaces the noun Meg, and the singular pronoun it replaces the noun dance

-Personal

• words used to replace specific nouns

• singular: I, you, he, she, it, they, them, their

• plural: we, you, they them

• subject pronouns-"she likes ice cream.”

• object pronouns-"The teacher gave them homework.”

-Possessive

• Possessive pronouns show ownership or belonging

• Writing Tool: They replace nouns to avoid repetition

• My, your, his, her, its, our, their

• That book is mine.

• Is this pencil yours?

-Indefinite

• Indefinite pronouns refer to non-specific people, places, or things

• Common indefinite pronouns:

• Somebody, anyone, everything, nothing

• Few, many, all, some

• ex, Everyone in the class passed the test.

• ex, Nobody wants to eat the last slice of pizza.

-Demonstrative

• Demonstrative pronouns point to specific things

• They can be singular or plural

• The four demonstrative pronouns:

  • This (singular, near)

  • That (singular, far)

  • These (plural, near)

  • Those (plural, far)

• ex, This is my favorite book.

• ex,Those are the shoes I want to buy.

-Interrogative

• Interrogative pronouns are used 

to ask questions. 

• They help us gather information.

• The five main interrogative pronouns:

  • Who (for people)

  • Whom (for people, object of a verb)

  • Whose (for possession)

  • What (for things or choices)

  • Which (for choices)

• ex, Who is coming to the party?

• ex,What should we have for dinner?

Adjectives

Adjectives-

• Describe stuff

• change stuff

• thrown on top of something

• you don’t need them

• ex, The blue bear. (blue describes bear)

• ex, Steven is Conies best friend. (best describes friend)

Verbs

Action-

• The action verb shows action that can be physical action ex, jump

• they can also be mental action ex, sally sue thought about..(thought is the action verb)

• ex, the bear roars. (roars is the verb because it is an action)

• ex, The bear runs. (runs is verb because its an action)

Linking-

• A linking verb is a word that connects (or links..duh) the subject of a sentence to a word that renames or describes the subject: ec, Little Billy’s actions are funny. (are is linking verb)

• most common linking verbs

  • is, am, are, has, were

• ex, She is tired. (“is” is the linking verb)

Helping-

• most common helping verbs “forms of”

  • BE→is, am, are, was, were

  • HAVE→have, has, had

  • DO→do, did, does

• ex, Michelle has been interested in aviation for several years. (has been in helping verb and interested is main verb)

• ex, did you listen carefully to the women’s instruction. (did is helping verb and listen is main verb)

Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)

• For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

Subordinating conjunctions (SWABIS)

• Since, When while, After, Before because, If

Compound sentence abd Complex sentence

Simple sentence-

• Independent clause (subject verb complete thought pause)

Compound sentence-

• 2 independent clauses joined by a comma and coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)

• ex, Everyone runs up the hill, yet Owen was trapped by the tiger

• FANBOYS For And Nor But Or Yet So

Complex sentence

• Some combination of an independent clause and dependent thought SWABIS

• Since, When while, After, Before because, If (subordinating conjunctions)

• ex, since mr. McGovern chastises Saide everyday, her folks kept calling Mr. Spooner.”