IV Fluids

• Isotonic

• Hypotonic

• Hypertonic

IV Therapy Solution Types

Isotonic

- Same osmolarity as the blood

- Same concentration of solutes

• Maintain fluid balance

• Expand extracellular volume

• Restore extracellular fluid losses

• Improve bp and tissue perfusion

• Correct mild electrolyte imbalances

Benefits of Isotonic

• 0.9% Normal Saline

• Lactated Ringers Solution

• %5 Dextrose in Water

Fluids that are isotonic

0.9% Normal Saline

• Replaces water, sodium, and chloride. 

The ONLY solution administered with blood transfusion.

• Resuscitation

• Fluid challenges

• Blood transfusion

• Hyponatremia

0.9% Normal Saline

Lactated Ringers Solution

Calcium

Lactate
Blood pH

Liver disease

Hyperkalemia

_________________

• water, sodium, chloride, ______________

• helps increase the _________ by converting to bicarbonate.

• Not for patients with _____________ 

• _______________ risk, especially in patients with renal failure.

Lactated Ringers Solution

Dehydration ·Treatment of burns ·Replacement of GI tract fluid loss ·hypovolemia

5% Dextrose in Water

• Replaces water and glucose

• Starts out as isotonic but turns into a HYPOTONIC solution.

Hypernatremia

5% Dextrose in Water

• Not for fluid resuscitation situations (it can cause an increase in blood glucose)

• Helps with ________________

Hypotonic

- Lower osmolarity than blood

- Lower concentration of solutes in the fluid

• 0.45% Normal Saline

• 0.25% Saline

• 0.33% Saline

• 5% Dextrose in Water

Hypotonic Solutions

Too much solute

free water

Hypotonic

Benefits:

• _________________concentration in the blood

  • Ex:

    • Sodium helps provide ___________ to the kidneys so they can excrete waste, preventing dehydration.

• 0.45% Saline

• treatment of hypertonic dehydration 

• gastric fluid loss 

• cellular dehydration from excessive diuresis 

• slow rehydration

Hypertonic

- Higher osmolarity than the blood

- Higher concentration of solutes in the fluid

• Brain Swelling

• Case of Hyponatremia

Hypertonic Solution

• Benefits

Hyponatremia

• by adding hypertonic solution to plasma this will increase sodium blood levels.

Brain Swelling

hypertonic solutions will pull water from the brain cells and decrease swelling.

• 3% Saline

• 10% dextrose in water

• 5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline

• 5% Dextrose in 0.45% Saline

Hypertonic Solutions

5% Dextrose in 0.9% Normal Saline

• Heat related disorders 

• fresh water drowning

5% Dextrose in 0.45% Normal Saline

• Maintenance fluid: Used as a maintenance IV fluid for patients who cannot ingest adequate fluids orally. 

• Fluid and electrolyte balance: Provides water and electrolytes to maintain hydration. 

• Mild sodium depletion: Can be used to treat mild sodium depletion.

Crohn’s Disease

IV nutrition or vitamins (like B12, iron, or electrolytes) are given because the inflamed intestines can’t properly absorb nutrients. 

Celiac Disease

IV fluids and nutrients help restore what’s lost due to chronic diarrhea and poor nutrient absorption caused by gluten damage to the intestines.

Slow Bowel Syndrome

Patients receive IV nutrition (total parenteral nutrition or TPN) since part of their intestines has been removed, reducing their ability to absorb food and fluids normally.

• Antibiotics

• Antiemetics

• Antifungal

• Antiviral

• Biologics

• Blood factors

• Chemotherapy

• Corticosteroids

• Immunoglobulin

• Immunotherapy

• Inotropic heart medications

Infusion therapy can also be used to deliver nutrition, as well as many types of medications, including:

• for severe or resistant infections. 

Antiemetics

•  to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

Biologics

• for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn’s disease. 

Blood factors

•  for patients with bleeding disorders like hemophilia. 

Corticosteroids

to reduce inflammation.

Immunoglobulin

• replacement for immune system disorders. 

Immunotherapy

 for certain cancers or autoimmune diseases.

Chemotherapy

•  for cancer treatment. 

Inotropic heart medications

• to help improve heart function in heart failure.

IV Fluids

 liquids administered directly into a vein to 

• maintain or restore fluid

• electrolyte balance

• treat dehydration

• deliver medications.

IV line

 involves giving fluids, medicines, or nutrients directly into a patient’s vein through a sterile tube called an _____________. 

• Water

• Electrolytes

• Non-electrolytes

Crystalloids

• Contains

• sodium and chloride

• Dextrose

Crystalloids

• Water

• Electrolytes:

• Non-electrolytes:

• Normal Saline

• Lactated Ringers Solution

• Dextrose in water

Types of crystalloids

• Dehydration and Shock

• Hemodynamic stability

• Urine output

Crystalloids Benefits:

• Rapid resuscitation

  • ______________________

• Cost effective and readily available

• Maintain or balance fluid

• Deliver medications

• help restore __________________

• increase ______________ to clear toxins

• considered the first-line choice for fluid replacement. 

Colloid

 Contains large molecules ( proteins / starches)that do not easily pass through capillary walls. 

- Remain in the intravascular space and draw fluid into the bloodstream by increasing oncotic pressure

- Used to expand plasma volume in cases like shock or severe blood loss

Albumin

Dextran

Hetastarch

Plasma/blood products

Colloid Types

Intravascular volume

Blood pressure

Colloid

• Expand ______________ quickly 

• Maintain _________ and cardiac output 

• Require smaller volumes 

• Stay in circulation longer

Albumin

Colloid

•  for burns and shock

Dextran

Colloid

• Trauma and hemorrhage when blood is not available

Hetastarch

Colloid

• Treat hypovolemia

Plasma/blood products

Colloid

• Severe blood loss