Chemistry Fall Semester Exam

Rutherford

Discovered the nucleus with the gold foil experiment

Bohr

planetary model of the atom

Thomson

discovered the electron using the cathode ray tube

Dalton

atomic theory

Isotope

atoms of the same element that have different masses

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

Metals are

cations

Nonmetals are

anions

valence electrons

electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared

octet

8 valence electrons (full set)

Metals

can conduct electricity

chemical change

substance's ability to undergo changes that transform into different substances

physical change/property

change in the substance but not identity

noble gases

unreactive

How are wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation related?

Inversely proportionate, λ=c/ν

How are energy and frequency of electromagnetic radiation related?

Directly proportionate, E=hν

How are energy and wavelength of electromagnetic radiation related?

inversely proportionate

Law of Definite Composition

chemical compounds are composed of a fixed ratio of elements as determined by mass.

Law of Conservation of Mass

mass is neither created nor destroyed

Law of Multiple Proportions

if 2 compounds contain the same elements the mass of elements can be expressed as ratios of whole numbers

octet rule

elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has 8 valence electrons in its valence shell

Why is helium a noble gas?

because it's electron orbital is full so it's not reactive

covalent bonds

between nometals and nonmetals ("sharing of electrons")

ionic bonds

between metals and nonmetals ("transfer of electrons")

metallic bonds

between metals and metals ("sea of electrons")

what is the relationship between electronegativity and the ionic character of a chemical bond?

The greater the electronegativity difference, the greater the percent ionic character in a bond.

What is an ionic compound?

electrons are donated from the cation to the anion

In what forms do ionic compounds occur in?

solids at room temperature; high melting points; brittle; strong bond; usually soluble; and conducts electricity

what are the colors in order as frequency increases?

red to violet