AP Euro Unit 2

Erasmus

• humanist who criticized the church’s abuse of power

• The Enchiridion of Erasmus (1503) was about the importance of reading scripture

4 problems of anticlerics against the Church

1. Immorality (neglect celibacy, gamble, drunks, dressing wealthy)

2. Simony (selling pardons/forgiving sins for $ and church positions)

3. Lay investiture (buying clerical positions → barely literate priests)

4. Pluralism (having >1 church position) and absenteeism (high taxes)

Martin Luther

• priest who believed faith was free in God’s word, not the church

• supported the poor; against indulgences

Luther’s major points in 95 Thesis

1. salvation comes from God, not the Church

2. secular leaders could reform the Church if clerics didn’t

3. no distinction between clerics and laypeople — all were children of God

4. requiring celibacy of clerics

Church’s response to 95 Thesis

• ordered Luther’s writing burned

• forced him to recant or face excommunication (aka going to hell)

Diet of Worms (1521)

• HRE Charles V called assembly of clergy, German princes, and Luther

• Luther refused to recant → no peace among German states

reasons why Protestantism was attractive

1. German princes could confiscate church property and increase their own wealth

2. new middle class merchants could keep more of the money they made

3. peasants didn’t have to pay church tithes to Rome; working hard for money

4. married women could ensure their husband wasn’t cheating (illegal prostitution)

5. new role = pastor’s wife

German Peasant War (1525)

• Luther’s words used in protest against German states

• rebelled serfdom against German princes who were busy fighting each other

the Hapsburgs

• Royal family in High Middle Ages in Austria

• Power through astute series of marriages to famous women

Charles V

• Inherits the crown of Spain, Portugal, and the Spanish Netherlands through marriage to Portugal

• Split his empire before he died

Swiss Cantons

• Each of the 13 cantons could decide their own religion

• Peace treaty that remains until this day

Charles V’s 1530 Imperial Diet at Augsburg

• a failure

• attempted to force everyone to be Catholic

• didn’t stop religious wars

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

• Charles V is too good at defending his HRE, and the Pope gets worried

• Charles V is forced to sign peace and officially recognizes Lutheranism as an official religion

• Each German prince can decide their territory’s religion

• Basically breaks the HRE

• pope withdraws mercenaries from German states

Henry VIII

• needed a legitimate heir, so he removes papal authority in 1527 to divorce

• parliament votes to make him the head of the new Church of England (Anglican Church)

Act of Supremacy (1534)

• takes all the power from the Church and gives it to Henry

• profits, jurisdiction, authorities, immunities, etc.

Thomas Cromwell

• Lawyer who helped Henry remove Catholicism from England

  • Confiscated church lands, distributed to Tudor loyal nobles

  • Set up up new government depts to tax (Exchequer)

Book of Common Prayer

• Set of rules for practicing religion apart from the Catholic Church

• Written in vernacular English by Thomas Cramber, 1552

• Hated by Puritans who saw it as still too Catholic

“Bloody Mary”

• Executed many Protestants during 5-year rule

• Unpopular in England; tried to reestablish alliance with Pope

• Marries Philip II of Spain

Elizabeth I

• She overtook the throne for 45 years

• Didn’t want to interfere with personal beliefs

• 1588 led famous defeat of Spanish Armada

England’s defeat of Spanish Armada

• Emboldens England, believing they can defeat a global powerhouse

• Pushes them into early modern Europe

Elizabethan Settlement

Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity (BOCP), replaced many Bishops, 39 Articles, Compromise & Ambiguity

Malleus Maleficaram

• wrote a guidebook to find/identify witches ordered by the pope

Witch Trials

• 1400s = part of Spanish Inquisition (Catholic Church tries to root out all evil)

• 1600s = popularized by Calvinism’s strictness

Ulrich Zwingli

• Swiss Humanist and priest; follower of Erasmus

• 1519 announced he wouldn’t preach from New Testament or church teachings

• Led church reform in Zurich with support of city political leadership who resented clerical power over the city

John Calvin

• French lawyer who thought that God had chosen him to create Reformed Church

• The Institutes of the Christian Religion – God is Omnipotent

  • We have no free will, can’t work toward salvation, and God knows everything (Predestination)

key teachings of Calvinism

• Not pessimistic; by hard work, Thrift and Moral Conduct, you show the world that you are on of the “elect” chosen for salvation

• God is watching at all times = extreme Piety (conservative dress, no cards, no drinking)

Geneva turned into theocracy

• Forced everyone to be moral

• Consistory = pastors and city officials who investigate proper conduct

  • Banished 76 people and accused 58 of witchcraft, adultery, heresy, or blasphemy

Anabaptists

• practice adult baptism

• 1530s city of Manster expelled Catholics and Lutherans, who later besieged the city and executed leaders → Lutherans support state-sponsored church to maintain public order

• influenced Puritans, Pilgrims, Quakers, Congregationalists, (Ana)Baptists, Mennonites (Amish)

John Knox

• Raised Catholic → became a Reformed (Calvinist)

• Critical of Church of England; too Catholic

• Led Scottish Reform and resisted England’s takeover

• It’s okay to overthrow wicked rulers

reformation in Poland-Lithuania

diversity of merchants; experiment with Calvinism and Lutheranism; but Jesuits

reformation in Hungary

Lutheran property confiscated; Ottoman Turks capture Southern Turkey (religious tolerance; higher taxes)

3 big reforms of the Counter-Reformation

1. Papacy

2. new religious orders (Jesuits)

3. Council of Trent

Council of Trent

• To establish a holy office to oversee the Roman Inquisition

• Imprison and execute heretics (anyone who speak against the Church, witches)

• Publish a list of prohibited books (Protestant; Book of Common Prayer; Gutenberg Bible; Martin Luther’s Bible; John Calvin’s)

big reforms of the Council of Trent

• successfully reformed the Catholic Church until 1960s with Second Vatican

• No simony, indulgences, or pluralism (holding multiple church offices)

• Professors to decide if students were truly worthy of priesthood; no more buying offices for children

• For laypeople (regular folks), marriages had to be publicly performed

women in Catholic Reformation

Ursuline order of Nuns founded by Angela Merici focused on training young girls to ensure Catholic mothers and wives, spreading throughout the Catholic empire

St. Teresa of Avila

• Spanish Nun who reformed the Carmelite order to encourage asceticism and poverty as told to her in mythical visions

• Accused by Catholic clerics of teaching God’s word as a woman; charges dropped after Spanish Inquisition investigation

• Founded many new convents

Ignatius of Loyola

Created new Society of Jesus with wealthy non-noble sons to “save souls”

Jesuits

• Tight organization based on poverty, chastity, and obedience

• Spread word of God; India, Japan, Brazil, N America, Congo, Eastern Europe

Baroque art in Catholic Reformation

• Challenged the austerity of the Protestant view of artistic expression

• Attract new followers with flashy art

• Use of dramatic and exaggerated movements; clear details and composition to inspire/awe audience and solicit emotional involvement

• Adopted by secular rulers to manifest opulence

Renaissance Art (1400-1500s)

• Changes with the Reformation

• Learning about light and stuff

• Stability

• Idealized

• Uninterrupted contours

Baroque Art (1600s)

• Extravagance, complex, and flamboyant

• Used in the Catholic Counter-reformation

• Lines created for form

• Appeals to bodies & emotions

• Interrupted contours

Italian Baroque

• Donatello, Michelangelo, Bernini

• Theatrical aspect

• Perfect proportion

• Flashy

• Exaggerated

Northern Baroque

• Very realistic style

• Subjects were commonplace

• Poor, merchants

• Hals, Rembrandt, Vermeer

• Mid-moment, no perfect pose

Huguenots

• French reformed Calvinists (10%)

War of 3 Henrys

• Henry II dies; 2 sons are weak and ruled by a strong Catholic mother, Catherine de Medici.

• Seeing lack of power, French nobles convert to Calvinism to show independence from King → incites uprisings in many French cities and towns between Protestant and Catholics

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

• Calvinists smash church windows and destroy sacred paintings

• thought there should be anything in your head (distractions on the walls) but worship

• Catholics fight back and attack the Calvinists at the marriage of dead King’s sister and a Protestant

Edict of Nantes (1598)

• Politiques (moderates of both faiths) help restore central government

• Strong leadership of Henry IV reconciles Catholics and Huguenots

• granted liberty of public worship to Huguenots

Union of Utrecht

• Holland and six provinces declare independence and form the United Provinces (Netherlands today)

• Spanish NED remains Catholic (Belgium today)

• Spain cannot fight United Provinces, which are aided by England

Hapsburgs involved in 30 Years War

• Civil wars funded by Habsburg money to support Catholics throughout Europe

• French joined to keep the Hapsburgs weak

30 Years’ War ends

• HRE loose confederation of hundreds of principalities and cities

• Peace of Augsburg deteriorates

• Most catastrophic until World Wars; destructive for central European economy (not England!)

• Small farmers lost their land; nobles got more including Duchy of Prussia

Peace of Westphalia

• Series of peace treaties to end religious wars

• Recognized sovereignty of the 300+ German princes (recognized Peace of Augsburg again)

• Allowed papal meddling in German religious affairs

• Add Calvinism to list of religions allowed in German states

• Nullified Edict of Restitution