UWO Bio 211: Comprehensive Study Guide for Anatomy Exam 4

capillary network

an interconnecting series of capillaries

venule

the smallest kind of vein

vein valves

prevent backflow of blood

superficial veins

located near the body surface

deep veins

located within the tissues and away from the body surface

sinus veins

Receive blood from skull

coronary sinus

enlarged vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium

superior vena cava

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

inferior vena cava

A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.

internal jugular vein

Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain and parts of the face and neck.

dural venous sinuses

large veins in the dura mater that drain the cranium

right brachiocephalic vein

left brachiocephalic vein

external jugular vein

Vein located at the side of the neck that carries blood returning to the heart from the head, face, and neck.

vertebral veins

serves posterior head, cervical vertebrae, spinal cord

subclavian vein

axillary vein

brachial vein

radial vein

ulnar vein

cephalic vein

basilic vein

Which veins of the shoulder and upper limb are considered deep?

subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, and ulnar veins

Which veins of the shoulder and upper limb are considered superficisal?

cephalic and basilic vein

renal veins

hepatic portal vein

the vein that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to the liver

superior mesenteric vein

drains small intestines and ascending colon

inferior mesenteric vein

drains distal portion of large intestine

splenic vein

drains spleen

gastric vein

drains stomach

common iliac vein

internal iliac veins

external iliac veins

femoral vein

popliteal vein

The vein that forms when the anterior and posterior tibial veins unite at the knee.

anterior tibial veins

Drain blood from the dorsum of the foot and the anterior compartment of the calf

posterior tibial veins

run with the posterior tibial artery, drain blood from the foot and posterior compartment of the leg

great saphenous vein

longest vein in body;

drains blood from foot, leg, and thigh;

joins with femoral vein

Which veins of the pelvis and lower limb are deep?

femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, and posterior tibial veins

Which veins of the pelvis and lower limb are superficial?

great saphenous vein

coronary arteries

great cardiac veins

small cardiac veins

Respitory system functions

Gas exchange

Regulation of blood pH

Voice Production

Olfaction

protection

What makes up the upper respiratory tract

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

What makes up the lower respiratory system

trachea, bronchi, lungs

What functions as a passageway for air and food, and also houses the tonsils?

pharynx

What is the site of gas exchange

alveoli

What connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea and houses the vocal cords?

larynx

What functions in warming, moistening, and filtering air: receives olfactory stimuli: and acts as a resonating chamber for sound?

nasal cavity

What is the tubular passageway for air connceting the larynx to the bronchi?

trachea

What prevents food or fluid from entering the airways?

epiglottis

What is the air passageway entering the lungs?

primary bronchi

What is the site of the cough refelx?

carina

What provides additional space for warming and humidifying air?

paranasal sinuses

What branches from the terminal bronchioles?

respitoray bronchioles

Following removal of the larynx, an individual would

a) be unable to speak

b) be unable to cough

c) have difficulty swallowing

d) be in respiratory difficulty

e) be unable to breathe through the nose

a) be unable to speak

The Eustachian tubes open into the

a) oropharynx

b) laryngopharynx

c) nasal cavity

d) mouth

e) nasopharynx

c) nasal cavity

Which of the following would be fewest in number, but largest in diameter?

a) primary (main) bronchi

b) terminal bronchioles

c) alveoli

d) respiratory bronchioles

a) primary (main) bronchi

The choana open into the

a) mouth

b) larynx

c) nasopharynx

d) oropharynx

e) laryngopharynx

c) nasopharynx

The three folds on the walls of the nasal cavity are called...

nasal conchae

Although the cartilage rings maintain the passageway for air through the trachea, the _____________________ muscle can constrict the diameter of the passageway.

trachealis

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the....

thyroid

Ingestion

Intake of food

mastication

the process of chewing

secretion

The release of biosynthesized substances.

digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

absorption

The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood

elimination

Act of removal of materials from the body

propulsion

movement of food along the digestive tract

peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

mass movements

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon

Segmentation in intestines

non-adjacent segments contract and relax to mix food

What makes up the hard palate?

maxilla and palatine bones

What makes up the soft palate?

skeletal muscle, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

palatine tonsils

at posterior end of oral cavity

What is the function of saliva?

Cleanses the mouth, moistens and dissolves food chemicals, aids in bolus formation, and contains enzymes that break down starch.

parotid salivary gland

lies under the skin covering the lateral and posterior surface of the mandible

submandibular salivary gland

a salivary gland inside the lower jaw on either side that produces most of the nocturnal saliva

sublingual salivary gland

below the tongue

Esophageal hiatus

where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm

Hiatal hernia

protrusion of a part of the stomach upward through the opening in the diaphragm

Superior esophageal sphincter

at the junction of the pharynx and the esophagus; closes during inhalation preventing air from entering the GI tract

inferior esophageal sphincter

At the junction of the esophagus and the stomach; prevents materials from regurgitating from the stomach into the esophagus

cardiac orifice

opening of the esophagus into the stomach

pyloric orifice

opening between stomach and small intestine

What are the muscle layers of the stomach?

Longitudinal (outer)

Circular (middle)

Oblique (inner)

What is the purpose of rugae?

allow stomach to expand and increase surface area

What do parietal cells produce?

HCl (hydrochloric acid)

What do chief cells produce?

pepsinogen (pepsin)

duodenum

first part of the small intestine

jejunum

second part of the small intestine

ileum

third part of the small intestine

circular folds

deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine

vili

fingerlike projections that absorb nutrients

microvili

increase surface area for absorption

lacteal

a lymph tubule located in the villus that absorbs fatty acids

How many lobes does the liver have?

4 lobes

What are the functions of the liver?

-Detoxification of blood including the breakdown of alcohol

-Phagocytosis

-Production of bile

biliary apparatus

network of thin ducts that transport bile from liver and gall bladder to duodenum