HIBE Midterm Study Guide

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope and its limitation?

A microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image using electrons; cannot have live specimens.

What is an Atomic Force Microscope?

A device for mapping surface atomic structure by measuring the force on a sharp tip; damages specimen and can be used only a few times.

What are the three types of vaccines?

1. Virus (uses part of/weakened virus), 2. Protein-Based (uses genetic proteins), 3. Nucleic acid (uses mRNA/DNA).

What happens when muscles contract?

Muscles get shorter as thick filament (myosin) pulls thin filaments (actin) closer, reducing the angle at joints.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

1. Smooth, 2. Cardiac, 3. Skeletal.

What are agonist muscles?

Muscles that create a large amount of force; examples include Pecs and Biceps.

What is the role of fixators in muscle movement?

Fixators stabilize the origin of a prime mover, allowing proper function.

What does 'Flexion' mean in terms of body movement?

Decreasing the angle between two adjacent body parts.

What is the axial skeleton composed of?

The bones in the head, neck, back, and chest.

What is a Diarthrotic joint?

A moveable joint, such as a synovial joint.

What is the Cobb angle in scoliosis?

A measurement of the degree of side-to-side spinal curvature; defines scoliosis at 10 degrees deviation from straight.

What is kyphosis?

An outward curvature of the spine, often referred to as hunchback.

What does varus mean in anatomical directions?

Movement towards the inside of the body.

What is an extra-articular fracture?

A fracture that does not extend into the joint.

What happens when a ligament is torn?

It can lead to instability and reduced joint function.

What is the difference between proximal and distal fractures in the femur?

Proximal fractures are broken at the top, and distal fractures are broken at the bottom.

What is the definition of abduction in muscular movements?

The movement of a body part away from the midline.

What are the four principal ligaments of the knee?

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), and lateral collateral ligament (LCL).

What is the function of the muscular system?

The muscular system is responsible for the movement of the human body as well as maintaining posture and producing heat.

What are tendons?

Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones.

What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

Voluntary muscles are controlled consciously (e.g., skeletal muscles), while involuntary muscles operate without conscious control (e.g., cardiac and smooth muscles).

What role do ligaments play in the skeletal system?

Ligaments connect bones to other bones at joints, providing stability.

What is the function of the skeletal system?

The skeletal system provides structure, protection for internal organs, and facilitates movement by serving as attachments for muscles.

What is osteoporosis?

A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, increasing the risk of fractures.

What is the axial skeleton?

The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?

The axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

What is the appendicular skeleton?

The appendicular skeleton includes all bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton.

What is the role of cartilage in the skeletal system?

Cartilage provides flexible support and cushioning at joints, and reduces friction between bones.

What is lateral flexion in body movements?

Lateral flexion is the movement of bending the spine to the side.

What does 'rotation' mean in terms of directional movements?

Rotation refers to the movement of a body part around its own axis.

What is the difference between anteroposterior and mediolateral axes of rotation?

The anteroposterior axis runs from front to back, while the mediolateral axis runs from side to side.

What is the purpose of a scoliosis lab?

A scoliosis lab is used to measure and analyze spinal curvature and assess treatment options.

What is the significance of the thoracic spine in scoliosis measurement?

The thoracic spine is often the region most affected by scoliosis, and its curvature is a critical component in diagnosis.

What does 'hyperextension' mean in body movement?

Hyperextension is the extension of a body part beyond its normal range of motion.

What is 'abduction' as a directional movement?

The movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.

What is 'adduction' in terms of body movements?

The movement of a body part toward the midline of the body.

What does 'elevation' refer to in directional movements?

The movement of a body part superiorly, such as shrugging the shoulders.

What is 'depression' in body movements?

The movement of a body part inferiorly, such as lowering the shoulders.

What is the meaning of 'circumduction' in directional movements?

The circular movement of a body part, combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

What is 'pronation'?

The rotation of the forearm or foot so that the palm or sole faces downward or backward.

What is 'supination'?

The rotation of the forearm or foot so that the palm or sole faces upward or forward.