AP Comp Gov Unit 3

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29 Terms

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Civil Society
voluntary associations independent from the state, including local religious and neighborhood organizations, news media, business and professional associations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
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Nongovernmental organizations
civil society groups that provide services governments can also provide such as volunteer fire departments to groups that provide advocacy for foster children.
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Political culture
the collective attitudes, values, and beliefs of the citizenry and the norms of behavior in the political system
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Political socialization
the lifelong process of acquiring one's beliefs, values, and orientations toward the political system
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Political ideology
is a set of values and beliefs about the goals of government, public policy, or politics
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Individualism
belief in individual civil liberties and freedom over governmental restrictions.
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Neoliberalism
referring to the removal of barriers and restrictions on what internal/external economic actors can do; beliefs in limited governmental intervention in the economy; privatization of government controlled industries, free trade to lower tariffs on imported goods, deregulation of governmental controls on business, and the elimination of state subsidies for industries.
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Communism
belief in the abolition of private property with near total governmental control of the economy.
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Socialism
belief in the reduction of income disparities and the nationalization of major private industries.
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Fascism
extreme nationalist ideology that favors authoritarian rule and the rights of the ethnic majority over that of ethnic minorities and the political opposition.
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Populism
political philosophy that supports the interests and rights of the common people over that of the elites
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Liberal Democracy or authoritarianism of states include
the extent of state adherence to rule of law; the degree of governmental influence on or control of the media; degree and practice of free and fair elections; degree of transparency of governmental decision making; the degree of political participation by citizens; and the degree of independence of governmental branches.
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Power
ability of the state to influence the conduct of individuals and organizations within the state
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Authority
state's legitimate right to enforce a power
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Rule of law
is the principle that a state should be governed by known laws and not arbitrary decisions made by individual government officials
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Civil Rights
is the protection of groups of citizens from discrimination by the government or other individuals
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Political Rights
is the protection of citizens' ability to run for office in free, fair and competitive elections.
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Civil Liberties
is an individual's protection against abuse of powers by the government Welfare and retirement benefits.
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State
a government that takes responsibility for providing key social services such as healthcare, education, housing
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Post materialism
social values of self
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Political participation
ways citizens can attempt to shape government policy. Can be formal (casting a ballot in a government election) or informal (protests and political criticism expressed through social media)
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Formal political participation
Government controlled methods of individuals voicing political opinions that are regulated by set laws such as casting a ballot in a government election
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Informal political participation
Voluntary individual actions intended to shape governmental policies with less regulation by the government such as protests and political criticism expressed through social media
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Referenda
allow citizens to vote directly on policy questions as exemplified by the United Kingdom's 2016 national vote about whether citizens preferred leaving or remaining in the European Union.
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Competitive authoritarian regimes (Illiberal democracies and hybrid regimes)
hold elections with little competition toward the ruling party and that tend to have diminished civil liberties.
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Political stability
the ability of a government to consistently provide services that meet the basic needs of most of the population to foster the public's confidence in the institutions of the state
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Cleavages
Social and political cleavages are internal divisions that structure societies and may be based on class, ethnicity, religion, or territory
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Separatist movement
when a group's actions to gain greater autonomy from a government diminishes the sovereignty of Separatist that government.
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Brute repression
use of coercive force by the government to suppress actions the government opposes