Micro Bio Ver 1 Exam 3

Taxonomic level 1

Domain

Taxonomic level 2

Phylum

Taxonomic level 3

Class

Taxonomic level 4

Order

Taxonomic level 5

Family

Taxonomic level 6

Genus

Taxonomic level 7

Species

-ales

order suffix

-aceae

family suffix

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

Thymine pairs with…

adenine

Adenine pairs with…

thymine

Cytosine pairs with…

guanine

Guanine pairs with…

cytosine

What bond do base pairs use?

Hydrogen

G+C content (%) =

(G+C)/(G+C+A+T) x 100

Actinobacteria G+C

High

Firmicutes G+C

Low

Actinobacteria and Firmicutes are gram…

positive

Actinomycetes are commonly found in…

soil

actinomycetes lack

flagella

Actinomycetes are

filamentousa

actinomycetes produce

hyphae (filaments), forming mycelium

Actinomycete aerial hyphae differentiate into

exospores

What percent of streptomyces produce antibiotics?

50%

How many antibiotics are produced by streptomyces?

Over 500

Streptomyces can produce ____ antibiotics

one or more

How large is a typical streptomyces genome?

greater than or equal to 8Mbp

Antibiotic synthesis requires

many genes

Streptomyces also produces

antifungals and anticancer drugs

In adverse conditions, streptomyces…

• directs nutrients to aerial hyphae

• uses PCD in substrate mycelium

• produces antibiotics to protect released nutrients

Phylum Aquificae

Thought to be the oldest branch of Bacteria and is found in Yellowstone Hot Spots.

Where are Actinomycetes found?

Soil (A).

Properties of Actinomycetes

Produce Aerial hyphae that differentiate into spores for survival.

What percent of Streptomyces produce Antibiotics?

50%

How many different Antibiotics does Streptomyces make?

500 Distinct.

What does Streptomyces make?

Nutrients for aerial hyphae.

What does substrate mycelium do?

Programmed Cell Death (PCD)

What Aerobe is Streptomyces?

Strict Aerobes (S)

What does Genus Nocardia do?

Develop a substrate mycelium that readily breaks into rods and coccoid elements and degrades molecules that cause nocardiosis.

What Aerobe is G. Nocardia?

Strict Aerobe (GN)

What does Genus Rhodococcus do?

Stores lipids and degrades a wide variety of xenobiotics.

Where is G. Rhodococcus found?

Soil (GR).

What does Genus Propionibacterium do?

Fermentation of glucose and other sugars results in production of CO2 and propionic acid. Uses Microbial fermentations to aid in dairy products.

What does Genus Cutibacterium do?

Found on the skin and is involved in forming acne.

Frankia

Found in threes and is Microaerophilic.

Properties of Mycobacterium.

-Aerobic

-Capsules

-Rods and coccus

-Slow Growing

-Cell walls that contain wax.

How many species of Clostridium are there?

Over 100.

What does Clostridiums do?

Decomposition of amino acids and proteins in dead animals, pants, and food.

Where is C. Botulinum found?

Soil, Food Spoilage, and wound entry.

What does C. Botulinum produce?

Botulinum toxin.

Where is C. Tetani found?

Soil, Dust, and manure.

What does C. Tetani cause?

Toxins that interfere with muscle contractions (Tetnis).

What does C. perfringens cause?

Secrets protein toxins that can cause food poisoning and gas gangrene.

What is C. acetobylicum important for?

Biotechnology and Biofuel.

What are Sporosarcina?

Endospores that are cocci.

What does B. anthracis produce?

Anthrax toxin that affects skin. lunges and intestines.

What is B. thuringiensis used for?

The Bt toxin in insecticides.

What does Staphylococcus cause?

MRSA.

What is Lactococcus important for?

Other Dairy products.

What does Streptococcus cause?

Strep throat.

More than 90 percent of characterized genera and species come from these four phyla:

• Proteobacteria

• Actinobacteria

• Firmicutes

• Bacteroidetes

What are the prefixes of the distinct lineages of Proteobacterium?

-Alpha

-Beta

-Gamma

-Delta

-Epsilon

What are the four Important characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae?

1) Can be harmless or disease-causing.

2) Can ferment sugars.

3) Can be used as a denitrifier.

4) Can be used as an indicator organism.

What are some examples of Enterobacteriaceae?

E. coli, salmonella, and shigella.

What is the importance of Azotobacter and Rhizobiales to the nitrogen cycle?

Fixes N₂ gas to Ammonium (NH₄⁺).

Where is Bacteroidetes found?

Tooth cavity or the colon.

Indicator Organisms.

organisms that behave in approximately the same manner as the

pathogens of concern, but are present in higher numbers or are otherwise easier to detect. Ex: Coliforms.

Examples of fecal waterborne disease.

are gastroenteritis, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers,

salmonellosis, cholera, meningitis, hepatitis, encephalitis, amoebic meningoencephalitis,

cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, dysentery, and amoebic dysentery.