AAPC Fundamentals of Medicine (Ch. 08)

Respiratory

cellular respiration

Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

respiration

The process of breathing

nas/o

Root: nose

rhin/o

Root: nose

pharyng/o

Root: pharynx

laryng/o

Root: larynx

trache/o

Root: trachea

bronch/o

Root: bronchus

bronchi/o

Root: bronchus

bronchiol/o

Root: bronchiole

phren/o

Root: diaphragm

phrenic/o

Root: phrenic nerve

pleur/o

Root: pleura

pulm/o

Root: lung

pulmon/o

Root: lung

pneumon/o

Root: lung

pneum/o

Root: air, gas; respiration, lung

pneumat/o

Root: air, gas; respiration, lung

spir/o

Root: breathing

-pnea

Suffix: breathing

-oxia

Suffix: level of oxygen

-capnia

Suffix: level of carbon dioxide

-phonia

Suffix: voice

bleb

Small air pocket between the lung and visceral pleura, usually in upper lobe

commissure

Junction between two anatomical parts (e.g. oral and nasal cavities)

cytology

Diagnostic study of individual cells, usually in fluid specimens

decubitus

Posture of lying down

epiglottis

Leaf-shaped cartilage that prevents food from entering trachea during swallowing

glottis

Space between the vocal cords

infundibulum

Funnel-shaped cavity between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

innominate artery

Artery supplying blood to right arm, head, and neck from the aorta

loculated

Compartmentalized by septa

meatus

Passage or opening into the body

mediastinotomy

Insertion of a tube to view organs in the mediastinum

pleurodesis

Procedure that adheres lung to chest wall to prevent fluid/air buildup

pneumothorax

Air in pleural space causing lung collapse

polypectomy

Surgical removal of a polyp

Reinke’s space

Non-muscle part of vocal cord just under the surface

rhinosinusitis

Inflammation of nasal and sinus cavities

sarcoid

Disease with granuloma formation in various organs

VATS

Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery for diagnosis and treatment in chest

upper respiratory system

Includes nose, pharynx, and larynx

nose

Warms, purifies, and moistens air; contains cilia to expel debris

paranasal sinuses

Four mucus-producing sinuses draining into nasal cavity: frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid

pharynx

Divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx; passage for air and food

tonsils

Lymphoid tissues in the pharynx: palatine (soft palate), adenoids (nasopharynx), lingual (tongue base)

larynx

Voice box below pharynx; contains vocal cords; made of 9 cartilages including thyroid cartilage (Adam's Apple)

lower respiratory system

Includes trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

trachea

Windpipe reinforced with c-shaped cartilage rings

bronchial tree

Begins at tracheal bifurcation (carina) into primary bronchi

right bronchus

Shorter and wider; divides into 3 secondary bronchi

left bronchus

Divides into 2 secondary bronchi

bronchioles

Smaller branches ending in alveolar ducts and alveoli

alveolar ducts

Microscopic ducts leading to alveoli for gas exchange

lungs

Right lung has 3 lobes; left has 2 lobes

pleura

Double-layered membrane around lungs: parietal (outer), visceral (inner)

pleural space

Fluid-filled cavity between pleural layers aiding in lung expansion

alveoli

300 million tiny sacs where oxygen and CO2 are exchanged with blood

pulmonary ventilation

The act of breathing (inhalation + exhalation)

inspiration

Diaphragm contracts and ribs lift to expand thoracic cavity

expiration

Diaphragm relaxes and lungs recoil to push air out

eupnea

Normal, unlabored breathing

hyperventilation

Rapid breathing leading to low CO2

hypoventilation

Shallow or slow breathing causing CO2 buildup and drowsiness

dyspnea

Difficulty or labored breathing

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: irreversible airflow blockage

COPD symptoms

SOB, wheezing, chronic cough

Chronic Bronchitis

Persistent inflammation of bronchi; produces sputum

Emphysema

Alveolar damage reducing surface area for gas exchange

Emphysema symptoms

Dyspnea, shortness of breath

Influenza

Viral infection of respiratory tract causing fever, cough, malaise

Influenza prevention

Annual vaccine for individuals 6 months+ without contraindication

lung cancer

Caused mostly by smoking; symptoms include SOB, cough, hemoptysis

types of lung cancer

Small cell (smokers), non-small cell (adenocarcinoma, squamous, large cell)

secondhand smoke

Increases risk of multiple cancers and causes 7,300+ nonsmoker deaths/year in U.S.

pleural effusion

Fluid accumulation in pleural space

transudate

Pleural fluid not needing intervention

exudate

Pathologic fluid needing drainage

pneumonia

Infection causing fluid/pus in alveoli; often bacterial or viral

pneumonia symptoms

Cough with phlegm, fever, chest pain, fatigue, nausea

types of pneumonia

Community-acquired, hospital-acquired, healthcare-acquired, aspiration

aspiration pneumonia

Caused by inhalation of food/drink due to gag reflex dysfunction

respiratory failure

Life-threatening inability to oxygenate or remove CO2

respiratory failure symptoms

Dyspnea, accessory muscle use, tachypnea, cyanosis, altered consciousness

respiratory failure treatment

ICU-level care, oxygen, ventilatory support, treat underlying cause