Chapter 28-AM. PAGEANT

By the 20th century, the US was racially and ethnically __ as a result from immigration, sparking reform movements.

Diverse

The ___ movement fought against these main social issues (4) and advocated primarily for using the government to benefit social welfare. Members were broadly dispersed and diverse.

Progressive; monopolies, inefficiency, corruption, social inequality

The movement was rooted from the ___ 1870s and the ___ 1890s.

Greenback Labor Party; Populism

Progressives protested against ___ policy (hands-off) in industrial society and for government for the ___.

Laissez-faire; people

To combat the Standard Oil Company, ____ wrote the novel, "Wealth Against ____" (1894).

Henry Demarest Lloyd; Commonwealth

___ wrote "The Theory of the __ __" 1899 to attack the rich and consumption (making money for money, not goods for needs)

Thorstein Veblen; Leisure Class

___ wrote and photographed the urban poor in " ___ ___" in the magazine "New York Sun" 1890 to reveal urban slum life.

Jacob A. Riis; How the Other Half Lives

___ wrote "The Financier" 1912 and "__ ___" 1914 to attack promoters and profiteers.

Theodore Dreiser; The Titan

___ is the system of social organization (collectivism; gov. ownership of production/processes) that was anti-capitalist and consisted of primarily European immigrants.

Socialism

__ believed that class conflict sparked change, charging that capitalism and worker contest would cause socialist revolution. He believed that the US would have the first socialist revolution.

Karl Marx (supporters called Marxists)

German ___ found that the US failed with socialism because workers refused to consider themselves ___; safety of the ___; high standard of ___; US born __ rather than becoming so.

Werner Sombart; inferior; frontier; living; free

The ___ (IWW) was a small labor union hoping to unify US workers into one union. They peaked in 1923, with members titled as Wobblies.

Industrial Workers of the World

___ was the use of religious doctrine to advocate for improved conditions for the urban poor.

Social gospel

Women joined the progressive movement, with prominent leaders being __ and ___.

Jane Addams; Lillian Wald

___ cofounded the ___ ___ Party in 1915, taking on a pacficist sentiment (support eroded during WWI, as pacifism was seen as anti-American.

Jane Addams; Women's Peace

Progressives' two main goals were...

Use state gov. to curb monopolies; improve conditions of common people life and labor

Progressives bloomed in __. Starting in __, TX 1901, cities made commissions to manage urban affairs in response to inefficiency/corruption in gov. (valued efficiency over democracy; civic affairs removed from the public)

Cities; Galveston

Wisconsin governor ____ was a militant progressive Rep. leader who seized control from corporations and returned it to the people (later considered candidate for the Progressive party)

Robert M. (Fighting Bob) La Follette

California governor ___ similarly broke dominion of Southern Pacific RR and organized his own political machine.

Hiram W. Johnson

NY governor ___ exposed malpractices of gas/insurance companies and the coal trust.

Charles Evans Hughes

___ were reporters highlighting (in depth) socially despised issues, such as corruption, business, child labor, white slavery, or illegal trust actions in 1902.

Muckrakers

___ published "___" in McClure's magazine 1902, revealing the corrupt bond between big businesses and muncipial government.

Lincoln Steffens; The Shame of the Cities

__ published "__" in McClure's magazine 1904, exposing corruption of Standard Oil Company (father ruined by co.). She later bought __ magazine to campaign for honest gov. and end business abuse.

Ida M. Tarbell; The History of the Standard Oil Company; America's

___ published "__" in Everybody's magazine 1905 to expose the practices of his accomplices as a speculator who earned wealth from the stock market. He made enemies and died poor.

Thomas Lawson; Frenzied Finance

_ published "_" in Cosmopolitan magazine 1906, accusing senators of representing RR and trusts instead of the people. He was shot 1911 by man whose family he maligned (spoke ill of)

David G. Philips; The Treason of the Senate

__ published "__" 1908 to reveal the subjugation of US blacks (most remained in South, many illiterate).

Ray Stannard Baker; Following the Color Line

___ published "___" 1906 to reveal the abuses of child labor.

John Spargo; The Bitter Cry of the Children

__, a chemist of the Dep. of Agriculture, supported attacks in __ magazine by performing experiments on self with __ to attack patent medicine vendors selling drugs (spiked w/ alcohol)

Dr. Harvey W. Wiley; Collier's; "Poison Squad"

Muckrakers sought to __ capitalism (not expel it), counting on ___ and ___ to improve issues (not political change); use more ___ to cure democracy.

Clean; publicity and conscience; democracy

Progressives pushed for direct primary ___ to stop party bosses.

Elections

___ allowed voters to directly propose legislature, bypassing boss-bought state laws.

Initiative

___ placed laws on the ballot for public approval, checking laws railroaded by legislature per big business request.

Referendum

___ enabled voters to remove elcted officials bribed by bosses or lobbyists.

Recall

___ allowed voters privacy in elections, retaliating against boss rule by making bribery less feasible (couldn't tell if they were getting $ worth)

Australian ballot

___ allowed for the direct election of US Senators in 1913.

17th Amendment

___ was the term for Senate as of 1900, as it was composed of rich men heeding trusts rather than the public.

"Millionaires' Club"

Progressives supported women ___, as their votes would benefit their movement and the ___.

Suffrage; anti-saloons

___ exposed women to urban issues and gave them confidence to protest. The ___, originally starting as literary clubs, allowed women to organize and discuss social issues.

Settlement houses; club movement

___ declared that a woman's place was in home. Rather than rejecting traditional roles, female progressives focused on moral/maternal issues, such as...

"Separate spheres"; child labor, sweatshops, tenement disease, pensions for mothers, safe food

___ campaigned for factory reform (improvements in sweatshops - factories w/ long hours/low wages), advocating for laws safeguarding women/children in work.

National Consumers League

The NCL was founded 1899 by ___, former Hull House resident and Illinois' first factor inspector.

Florence Kelley

The ___ was a federal agency in the Dept. of Labor that advocated for the welfare of children (child labor, morality, etc.)

Children's Bureau *both bureaus were wedges into federal bureaucracy, giving female reformers the stage for investigation/advocacy

The ___ was a federal agency in the Dept. of Labor that advocated for the welfare of women (in workplace, equality, etc.)

Women's Bureau

___ (1908) ruled for laws protecting female workers after attorney ___ presented evidence of women's weaker bodies (discriminatory, but considered triumph against employer control)

Muller v. Oregon; Louis Brandeis

___ (1905) rejected NY law for 10-hour workday for bakers, mildly harming the female progressive movement.

Lochner v. New York

The ___ was caused by fire code violations, leading to the deaths of 146 young immigrant female workers (burnt or jumped from windows).

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

The fire led to strike of women in ___ trades, causing NY leg. to pass laws regulating hours/ conditions of sweatshops. It also triggered ___ laws and insurance for work accidents.

Needle; compensation

The ___ protested alcohol, as it was seemingly tied to prostitution and corrupt city officials. It was founded by ___, an ally to the Anti-Saloon League.

Women's Christian Temperance Union; Frances Willard

___ laws controlled/restricted alcohol, while __ laws (often in big cities) left alcohol unregulated. This eventually led to the 18th Amendment in 1919, which ___ alcohol temporarily.

Dry; wet; abolished

TR's platform focused on the "Three C's": ___, ___, and ___. His ___ program was organized for capital, labor, and the public, focusing on the public interest through government power.

Control of corporations; consumer protection; conservation of natural resources; Square Deal

PA miners sought pay raise/shorter hours in the __ 1902; owners refused, causing public buildings to close. TR threatened to operate mines w/ fed. troops, leading to arbitration.

Coal Strike 1902 (first time fed. troops used against capital rather than labor)

___ 1903 was initiated by TR to ease the rising tension between capital and labor. It sought to break monopoly dominion, initiating the trustbusting era.

Department of Commerce

___ was a cabinet body under the Dept. of Commerce that was authorized to examine business in interstate commerce.

Bureau of Corporations

___ 1903 restrained the RR monopoly (ICC inadequate; RR could repeal decisions on rates). It targeted the rebate issue, placing fines on RR giving rebates and shippers accepting them.

Elkins Act

___ 1906 restricted free passes with their hint of bribery, expanding the ICC to include express companies, sleeping car companies, etc.

Hepburn Act

The __ was a RR holding company organized by JP Morgan and James J. Hill. TR attacked the company, leading them to appeal to SCOTUS 1904 in __, which resulted in the co. dissolve.

Northern Security Company; Northern Securities

TR considered most trusts __, categorizing them into good (public conscience) and bad trusts (greedy). He responded to the popular outcry against trusts, but didn't destroy all businesses.

Efficient

TR's real purpose in trustbusting was to prove that ___, not big business, ruled the country.

Government

In 1907, TR gave JP Morgan his blessing to have __ absorb ___ without fear of antitrust retaliation (Taft placed suit on corporation 1911, angering TR).

US Steel; Tennessee Coal and Iron Company

__ published "__" 1906, intending to show workers' issues in canning factories. However, he appalled the public with the disgusting descriptions of Chicago's noxious slaughterhouses.

Upton Sinclair; "The Jungle"

___ allowed for the federal inspection of meat shipped over state lines. Meat businesses generally accepted to drive out competitors and gain gov. seal of approval.

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

___ accompanied Meat Inspection and prevented the mislabeling/adulteration of foods and drugs.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

TR believed in environmental ___. He set aside fed. land for __, creating a number of national forests.

Preservation; conservation

___ 1877 was the first conservation effort. Under the act, gov. sold dry land cheaply for the purchaser to irrigate within 3 years.

Desert Land Act

___ 1891 allowed the president to reserve public forests as national parks.

Forest Reserve Act

___ 1894 distributed federal land to states for irrigation/settlement.

Corey Act

___ 1902 allowed gov. to collect $ from sale of western land for irrigation projects (under TR's administration).

Newlands Act

___ on AZ Salt River was dedicated by TR 1911.

Roosevelt Dam

___ published "___" 1903, discussing nature, wilderness, and their significance.

Jack London; "Call of the Wild"

___ was America's largest youth organization.

Boy Scouts of America

___ aimed to save native birds by banning the use of feathers on ladies' hats.

MA (later National) Audubon Society

___ was organized 1892 to preserve western wilderness.

Sierra Club

In 1913, gov. allowed San Francisco to build a dam for water supply in Yosemite National Park's ____, dividing conservationists.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

Preservationists, such as naturalist __, argued that HH Valley temple of nature; TR and head of Division of Forestry __ wanted to use nature, not just preserve it ("rational use" philosophy)

John Muir; Gifford Pinchot

Most environmentalists lived in the ___.

City

Short panic of ___ on Wall Street was blamed on TR for unsettling industry (retaliated w/ claim that critics purposely designed crisis to force gov. to relax on trusts)

1907 (Roosevelt Panic)

The panic encouraged monetary reform, leading to the ___ of 1908, which allowed national banks to issue emergency currency backed by collateral.

Aldrich-Vreeland Act

In the 1908 election, __ ran for the Democrats (claimed TR stole his policies); __ ran for the Socialists (anti-capitalist), __ ran for the Republicans (endorsed by TR, but stuck to status quo over change)

William Jennings Bryan; Eugene V. Debs; William Howard Taft

__ won the 1908 election, as voters sought stability following Roosevelt.

Taft

___ was the foreign policy under Taft where US investments were used to boost foreign political interests. Wall Street bankers were encouraged to put $ in areas of interest ($ for influence)

Dollar Diplomacy

Under $ Diplomacy, bankers targeted __ to keep out foreigners. The grand target was China's __ to dominate their economy. Sec. fo State _ proposed US buy RR and return them to China, but Japan and Russia rejected.

Caribbeans; Manchuria; Philander C. Knox

Rep. party, hoping to lower tariffs, passed the moderately reductive ___, but it was heavily revised to retain high rates. Taft declared bill best Rep. ever passed, angering party.

Payne-Aldrich Bill

___, Sec. of the Interior, opened public land in WY, MT, and AL to corporates, leading to criticsm by ___. Taft dismissed the latter, angering TR and conservationists.

Richard Ballinger; Gifford Pinchot

The controversy divided the Republican party (___), leading Taft to push for the ___ (conservative) and TR to advocate for "___" (increase gov. power)

Grand Old Party; Old Guard; New Nationalism

Taft was named ___ for bringing 90 suits against trusts (vs. TR's 44). In 1911, SCOTUS dissolved the ___ for violating the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

Trustbuster; Standard Oil Company

The ___ declared corporations illegal if they "unreasonably" restrained trade, a crucial amendment that allowed for the dissolve of the Standard Oil Co. and suit against US Steel.

"Rule of reason"

In the 1912 election, ___ was the Democrat candidate, ___ for Socialists, ___ for Republicans, and ___ for the Progressive Republican League (replaced ___)

Woodrow Wilson; Eugene V. Debs; William Howard Taft; Theodore Roosevelt; La Follette

Wilson promised to return gov. to the people, initiating the ___ platform (antitrust leg., banking reform, lower tariffs, capitalist competition instead of government regulation)

New Freedom

Roosevelt initiated the ___ platform (growth of trusts/labor unions w/ gov. regulation, women suffrage and welfare programs for health care/minimum wage laws)

New Nationalism

___ won the 1912 election.

Wilson

Roosevelt's NN platform was based on the ideas of ___, who published "The Promise of an American Life"

Herbert Croly