Chapter 11: Functional Organization of nervous tissue

True or False: The nervous system and the endocrine system are the major control systems of the body.

True

The general types of cells that make up the nervous system are ____________and__________ cells.

neuron, glial

The two major subdivisions of the nervous system are the ____________and the ________________ nervous systems.

central, peripheral

All of the nervous tissue outside the central nervous system is categorized as belonging to the ______ nervous system.

peripheral

The division of the nervous system that is responsible for processing, integrating, storing and responding to information is the _________ nervous system.

central

The two major control systems in the body are the ______ system and the ______ system.

nervous, endocrine

Match each division of the nervous system with the correct description.

Central Nervous System:

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System:

Consists of sensory receptors, nerves, ganglia and plexuses.

Autonomic Nervous System:

Consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Somatic Nervous System:

Division of the efferent division that is mostly under voluntary control

Afferent Division:

Also referred to as the sensory division of the PNS

Efferent Division:

Also referred to as the motor division of the PNS

Enteric Nervous System:

Independent sub-division that controls the digestive tract

Select all of the cell types that are components of the nervous system.

neuron, glial cells

The brain and spinal cord are the two components of the ______.

central nervous system

The ______ are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system.

central, peripheral

The central nervous system consists of the ___________, which is found within the skull, and the_________ ________ , which is found within the vertebral column.

brain, spinal, cord

The subdivision of the nervous system that is responsible for detecting stimuli in and around the body and sending that information to the central nervous system is the ______.

peripheral nervous system

The division of the nervous system that is the key decision maker of the body is the ______ nervous system.

central

Which items are continuous with each other at the foramen magnum?

Brain and spinal cord

Correctly match each division of the nervous system with its description.

Central Nervous System:

Processes information, initiates responses and integrates mental processes

Peripheral Nervous System:

Detects stimuli and transmits information to and receives information from the CNS

Autonomic Nervous System:

Transmits information to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.

Somatic Nervous System:

Transmits information to skeletal muscle

Afferent Division:

Transmits information from receptors to the CNS

Efferent Division:

Transmits information from the CNS to muscles and glands

Enteric Nervous System:

Independent sub-division that controls the digestive tract

Select the components of the central nervous system.

Brain and Spinal cord

Identify the components of the peripheral nervous system. Select all that apply.

Ganglia

Sensory receptors

nerves

Which organs make up the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

Identify the two functional sub-divisions of the peripheral nervous system.

sensory, motor

The subdivision of the nervous system that consists of nerve tissue external to the central nervous system is the nervous system.

peripheral

A hole which allows the brain and spinal cord to be continuous with one another is the ____________ ______________

foramen magnum

The sensory division is synonymous with the _____ division of the nervous system.

afferent

List the components of the peripheral nervous system.

sensory receptors and nerves

The division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits electrical impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS is the ______ division, while the ______ division of the peripheral nervous system transmits electrical impulses from the CNS toward muscles and glands.

afferent, efferent

The sensory and motor divisions are the two functional sub-divisions of the ______ nervous system.

peripheral

The subdivision of the nervous system that is responsible for detecting stimuli in and around the body and sending that information to the central nervous system is the ______.

peripheral nervous system

The motor divisions of the peripheral nervous system is further divided into the ______ and ______ subdivisions.

somatic, autonomic

The sensory division is also known as the ________ division of the nervous system.

afferent

The motor division is synonymous with the _____ division of the nervous system.

efferent

The somatic nervous system is the sub-division of the efferent division that transmits electrical impulses from _____.

the CNS towards skeletal muscle

The division of the peripheral nervous system that transmits electrical impulses from _____ to the _____ is the afferent division.

sensory receptors, central nervous system

The division of the nervous system that transmits electrical impulses toward skeletal muscle is the__________ nervous system, whereas the division of the nervous system that transmits electrical impulses toward cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands is the _________nervous system.

somatic autonomic

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are subdivisions of the ______.

efferent division

The motor division is also known as the _______division of the nervous system.

efferent

The division of the motor nervous system that is under involuntary control and innervates glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle is the ______ division.

autonomic

The division of the peripheral nervous system that includes efferent fibers to skeletal muscles is the _____ division.

somatic

The division of the nervous system that transmits electrical impulses toward cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands is the ______ nervous system, whereas the division of the nervous system that transmits electrical impulses toward skeletal muscle is the ______ nervous system.

autonomic, somatic

The cells that account for over half of the brain's weight and outnumber neurons by at least 10 times are called cells.

glial cells

The sensory and motor divisions are the two functional sub-divisions of the ______ nervous system.

peripheral

What are the divisions of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system?

Somatic and autonomic

Glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles are innervated by the ______ division of the motor nervous system.

autonomic

A cell that receives stimuli and transmits action potentials to other nerve cells or effector organs is a(n) ____________.

neuron

The somatic nervous system is the sub-division of the efferent division that transmits electrical impulses from _____.

the CNS towards skeletal muscle

Select the item that is NOT a component of a neuron.

Myelin

Which cell type accounts for over half of the brain's weight and outnumbers neurons by 10 to 50 times?

glial cells

Match the parts of a neuron with the appropriate description.

Axon: Process of a neuron that transmits action potentials away from the cell body

Dendrite: Process of a neuron that transmits action potentials towards the cell body

Collaterals: Branches of an axon

Presynaptic terminal: Enlarged end of axon containing vesicles filled with neurotransmitters

Axon hillock: Site where the axon originates

The cell body of a neuron is also known as the ________

soma

The highly branched cytoplasmic extensions of a neuron cell body that are specialized to receive input and conduct signals toward the cell body are called ______.

dendrites

The structural unit of the nervous system that consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon is the ______.

neuron

True or false: Neurons consist of a cell body, a single dendrite and multiple axons.

False

Correctly pair the parts of a neuron with the correct description.

Cell body: Enlarged portion of a neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles

Axon: Process of a neuron that transmits action potentials away from the cell body

Dendrite: Process of a neuron that receives stimuli and and generates local potentials

Nissl body: Rough endoplasmic reticulum of a neuron responsible for protein synthesis

Collaterals: Branches of an axon

Select the item that best defines the soma of a neuron.

The cell body of a neuron

On neurons, the process that is cylindrical and relatively unbranched is called a(n)

axon

Branched cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron that receive input and transmit signals toward the cell body are

dendrites

A synapse is a ______.

junction between two cells

A cell that receives stimuli and transmits action potentials to other nerve cells or effector organs is a(n)

neuron

Synaptic vesicles within synaptic knobs contain chemicals called

neurotransmitters

Neurons are classified by which of the following?

function or structure

Correctly match the parts of a neuron with the correct description.

Soma: Also known as the cell body

Nissl body: Rough endoplasmic reticulum of a neuron responsible for protein synthesis

Collaterals: Branches of an axon

Presynaptic terminal: Enlarged end of axon containing vesicles filled with neurotransmitters

Axoplasm: Cytoplasm of an axon

The process on a neuron that is cylindrical and relatively unbranched is called a(n) ______.

axon

Identify the structural types of neurons. Select all that apply.

Multipolar neuron

Bipolar neuron

Pseudo-unipolar

A junction between a neuron and another cell is called a(n)

synapse

Supporting cells such as oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells are examples of ______ cells.

glia

The small, membrane-bound organelles that are found in the presynaptic terminals and which contain neurotransmitters are called ____

synaptic vesicles

Identify all of the bases for neuron classification.

structure

function

Schwann cells and satellite cells are examples of neuroglial cells in the ______ nervous system.

peripheral

Myelin has a high ______ concentration.

lipid

Identify the descriptor that is NOT a structural type of neuron.

afferent neuron

There are several types of support cells within the nervous system. As a group, these support cells are called ______ cells

glial

A group of related nerve cell bodies are outside of the central nervous system. The group is called a _____.

ganglia

What substance fills synaptic vesicles?

neurotransmitters

The electrical signals that are propagated along axons, regulating and coordinating body activities, are known as _____.

action potentials

Choose the neuroglial cell types found in the peripheral nervous system.

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

Myelin has a high lipid content because it is formed of ______.

plasma membranes

Which term best describes the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium on an excitable cell?

Steep

Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called

ganglia

The sodium-potassium pump moves the ions in which direction?

Sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

What is the nature of the signal that propagates along neurons that ultimately regulates and coordinates the functions of the body?

It is electrical

A protein channel that opens or closes in response to a stimulus would be classified as a ______ channel.

gated

Schwann cells and satellite cells are examples of neuroglial cells in the ______ nervous system.

peripheral

Myelin has a high ______ concentration.

lipid

A molecule such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone that _____ is called a(n) ligand.

binds to a receptor

True or false: There is a significant difference in concentration between the intracellular concentration of sodium and the extracellular concentration of sodium.

True

The intracellular fluid is considered to be electrically neutral because ______.

there are the same number of positively and negatively charged ions.

The role of the Na+-K+ pump in membrane potential regulation is that it ______.

reestablishes correct ion distribution, compensating for ion leakage

The term "potential difference" refers to the ______.

difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane

Some protein channels in a cellular membrane are able to open or close in response to stimuli; because of this characteristic, these channels are called ______ channels.

gated

The difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane in an unstimulated cell is called the __________ ___________ potential

resting membrane

The neuron plasma membrane is approximately _____ times more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions.

50-100

A specific molecule binds to a membrane receptor. This molecule is called a ______.

ligand

When the resting membrane potential becomes more _____ the condition is referred to as hyperpolarization.

negative

The intracellular fluid has essentially the same number of positive and negative charges and is therefore electrically ______

neutral or balanced

When the membrane potential decreases, the inside of the membrane becomes _____ negative. This is called ______.

less, depolarization

When a charge difference exists across the plasma membrane, this difference is referred to as the membrane _________

potential

A cell is not stimulated but it does contain an electrical charge difference across its membrane. This charge difference is its _________

resting membrane potential

When Na+ channels open, what happens to the Na+ ions?

Na+ diffuses into the cell

The neuron plasma membrane is 50-100 times more permeable to _____ than to sodium.

potassium

_____ potentials are conducted in a decremental fashion, while ____ potentials are conducted with a constant magnitude.

Graded, action

_____ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative, and ______ occurs when the inside of the plasma membrane becomes less negative.

Hyperpolarization, depolarization

When the resting membrane potential shifts to a more positive value, this is referred to as

depolarization