chapters 11-12 ipc review

speed

the ratio of the distance an object moves to the amount of time the object moves

average speed

the total distance traveled divided by the time it takes to travel that distance

instantaneous speed

the rate at which an object is moving at a given moment in time

velocity

the speed and direction in which an object is moving

frame of reference

a system of objects that are not moving with respect to one another

relative motion

movement in relation to a frame of reference

distance

the length of a path between two points

vector

a quantity that has magnitude and direction

resultant vector

the vector sum of two or more vectors

acceleration

the rate at which velocity changes

free fall

the movement of an object toward earth solely because of gravity

constant acceleration

a steady change in velocity

linear graph

graph in which the displayed data from straight-line parts

nonlinear graph

in this graph a curve connects the data points that are plotted

force

a push or pull that acts on an object

newton

the force that causes a 1-kilogram mass to accelerate at the rate of 1 meter per second each second (1N = 1kg x m/s²)

net force

the overall force acting on an object after all the forces are combined

friction

a force that opposes the motion of objects that touch as they move past each other

static friction

the friction force that acs on objects that are not moving

sliding friction

a force that opposes the direction of motion of an object as it slides over a surface

rolling friction

change in shape at the point of rolling contact

fluid friction

the force that opposes the motion of an object through a fluid

air resistance

fluid friction acting on an object moving through the air is known

gravity

a force that acts between any two masses

terminal velocity

the constant velocity of falling object when force of air resistance equals the force of gravity

projectile motion

the motion of falling object after it is given an initial forward velocity

inertia

the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion

mass

a measure of the inertia of an object and depends on the amount of matter the object contains

weight

the force of gravity acting on an object

momentum

the product of an object’s mass and its velocity

law of conservation of momentum

the law that states that if no net force acts on a system then the total momentum of the system does not change

electromagnetic force

a force associated with charged particles, which has two aspects, electric force and magnetic force

strong nuclear force

a powerful force of attraction that acts only on the neutrons and protons in the nucleus, holding them together

weak nuclear force

an attractive force that acts only over a short range

gravitational force

an attractive force that acts between any two masses

centripetal force

a center-directed force that continuously changes the direction of an object to make it move in a circle