Studied by 12 peopleCottage Industry
textiles were the first & main one
Deists
essentially established their own religion with “rational” ethics as its core
Salons
found in Paris, evening receptions for discussion
England
Elizabeth I ruled in:
Defeat of the Spanish Armada:
Elizabeth presided over the:
Edict of Nantes
granted religious toleration/freedom for Huguenots
Dutch established a global trading network
Locations in the East Indies and West Indies
Francis Bacon
inductive reasoning
Rene Descartes
deductive reasoning
Cardinal Richelieu
the architect of French Absolutism
The English Civil War
victorious: the New Model Army
Atlantic Slave Trade
voyage across the Atlantic was termed the “Middle Passage”
The Restoration
Charles II now King, restores the English throne
Richelieu & Mazarin
consolidated power in the king’s hands at the expense of the nobility
M defeated the nobles
Mercantilism
embraced by Jean Colbert
Mercantilism encouraged:
encouraged Colonialism (colonization)
colony furnishes raw materials - “mother” country produces finished goods
Louis XIV
became known as the “Sun” King
Versailles
Louis’ palace
Louis XIV’s errors:
a decline in living standards
increase in mortality rates
termed the misery of the 95%
revocation of Edict of Nantes
Isaac Newton
was a scientific genius - optics and physics
For Newton:
the universe was an open system
England – The Glorious Revolution
Parliament grants William III and Mary II the crown
the supremacy of Parliament
William & Mary acknowledged:
the Enlightenment criticized:
criticized monarchial/clerical absolutism
John Locke
believed that at birth the mind is blank – a clean slate or tabula rasa
Voltaire
often called the “Father of the Enlightenment”
Adam Smith
laissez faire (to let do) - his thoughts represent the essence of capitalism
The Seven Year’s War
Essentially a first “world war” – fought in three locations: North America, Europe & India
the war drained the British treasury
Causes of the French Revolution
practical bankruptcy of the state
inefficient & unjust tax system
philosophic ideas about the rights of man
Albert Einstein
special theory of relativity revolutionized physics
French Revolution:
Roughly a 10-year event, split into 3 phases: Moderate, Radical, Conservative
The reigning monarchs of the French Revolution:
King Louis XVI (16th) & Queen Marie Antoinette
FR Revolutionary slogan would become:
liberty, equality, and fraternity
Bastille (prison)
a Paris mob stormed the:
Jacobins v. Girondins
a Coup Deposes the G’s – factions in the National Convention
Jacobins
more willing to listen to the economic & political demands of the sans-culottes
gained control of the government
GB Admiral Nelson
FR Navy Defeated at Trafalgar by:
Napoleon’s aim:
aim to invade GB was thwarted
British (Duke of Wellington) & Prussian forces
defeat Napoleon at Waterloo
Industrial Revolution:
basically: fields to factories – refers to the shift from an agrarian, manual skill, labor-intensive economy to one now dominated by machine manufacturing
Cities:
industrialization accelerated urbanization
G. W. F. Hegel
DT philosopher, advocated the Dialectic: Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis - this mechanism explains the totality of experience
Socialism
the means of production are owned not by private individuals, but by the community
Socialism is a:
is a umbrella term
All communists are socialists, but:
but not all socialists are communists
Karl Marx
published Communist Manifesto - manifesto called for a working-class revolution to overthrow the capitalist system
a display of Western technology
what basically forced Japan to accept a treaty
Franco-Prussian War
French forces decisively defeated
Age of Western Imperialism
by 1914 most of the world was under Western control/influence
Russia:
lacked a warm water port (no direct access to the Mediterranean) for trade/cultural exchange
China – Boxer Rebellion
anti-western uprising
GB - Welfare State
state that takes responsibility for the health/subsistence of its citizens
factors contributing to the Outbreak:
The European balance of power was upset
Nationalism
Conflict between Austria & Serbia – both nations despised each other
Triple Entente (will later become the “Allies”):
Britain – France – Russia
Central Powers:
Germany – Austria-Hungary (aka Austria) – Turkey (aka Ottoman Empire)
Trench warfare
it characterized several fronts, but especially the crucial “Western Front” in France
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW)
DT pursues a bold policy - the U-boat policy of USW proves to be the key point for US intervention
Zimmermann Note
proposes Mexico should ally with Germany
Bolshevik Revolution
Vladimir Lenin & the communists take power in Russia
Wilson failed:
failed to include even one Republican senator in his delegation
Paris Peace Talks
“Big 4” include: Italy, France, Great Britain, United States
Armenian Genocide
in the forced exodus Armenians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/police
Soviet
began as a workers’ and/or soldiers’ council/commune
Vatican City
remains an independent state
The Versailles settlement
redrew the map of Europe
Mohandas Gandhi
he opposed British rule
Vladimir Lenin
altered Marxism to Russian conditions
comrades close to Lenin
Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin
under Trotsky’s leadership:
the Red Army is created – comprised of dedicated Bolsheviks
Russian Civil War
“Reds” vs. non-communist “Whites”
ultimately Trotsky’s Red Army won
Joseph Stalin (“Man of Steel”)
the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union
Stalin purged:
purged party members/Soviet leaders
causes of the Great Depression:
lack of industrial diversification
an overexpansion of credit
Results of the Great Depression
manufacturers/merchants REDUCE prices
American farmers
hurt significantly by foreclosure & drought (because of the Great Depression)
drought
affected the Great Plains
FDR
pledged a “New Deal”
Fireside chats
FDR would use radio
“Hundred Days”
FDR summons Congress into special session
Great Depression effect on Japan
strengthened military groups
The New Deal
failed to cure the Depression:
heavy defense-related spending connected to WW II
what did “cure” the Depression:
under fascism:
private property is not abolished – the state does not own all property
Adolf Hitler’s Background:
He was born in Austria - rejected by the Vienna Academy of Arts
Mussolini
made Italy the first Fascist State
DT - Enabling Act is passed
the act permitted the Chancellor to enact legislation (laws) independently of the Reichstag
Spanish Civil War
a “dress rehearsal” for further conflict
Germany attacks Poland
Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”)
top-secret atomic program - The Manhattan Project
many refugee scientists will assist America with its atomic weapons preparation program
the Phony War
Germany pauses, relocates to Western area
Germany attacks France
DT cuts through the “impenetrable” Ardennes Forest
German armored forces out-flanked the FR Maginot defense line
“Miracle of Dunkirk”
DT had a “Panzer pause”
siege of Leningrad
civilians starve
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
within days, Germany declares war on the US
Bataan Death March
US surrenders Philippine Islands
D-Day
the invasion of Normandy (France) - Operation Overlord
Fire-bombing of Tokyo
Japanese cities fire-bombed by the US
Battle of Okinawa
a bloody campaign
The Holocaust
systematic state-sponsored extermination of “undesirables” by the Nazis & collaborators
persecution to ghettoization, to liquidation, to factory-like annihilation
Nazi policy moved from:
Note
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