essentially established their own religion with “rational” ethics as its core
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Salons
found in Paris, evening receptions for discussion
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England
Elizabeth I ruled in:
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Defeat of the Spanish Armada:
Elizabeth presided over the:
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Edict of Nantes
granted religious toleration/freedom for Huguenots
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Dutch established a global trading network
Locations in the East Indies and West Indies
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Francis Bacon
inductive reasoning
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Rene Descartes
deductive reasoning
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Cardinal Richelieu
the architect of French Absolutism
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The English Civil War
victorious: the New Model Army
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Atlantic Slave Trade
voyage across the Atlantic was termed the “Middle Passage”
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The Restoration
Charles II now King, restores the English throne
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Richelieu & Mazarin
consolidated power in the king’s hands at the expense of the nobility
M defeated the nobles
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Mercantilism
embraced by Jean Colbert
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Mercantilism encouraged:
encouraged Colonialism (colonization)
colony furnishes raw materials - “mother” country produces finished goods
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Louis XIV
became known as the “Sun” King
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Versailles
Louis’ palace
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Louis XIV’s errors:
a decline in living standards
increase in mortality rates
termed the misery of the 95%
revocation of Edict of Nantes
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Isaac Newton
was a scientific genius - optics and physics
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For Newton:
the universe was an open system
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England – The Glorious Revolution
Parliament grants William III and Mary II the crown
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the supremacy of Parliament
William & Mary acknowledged:
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the Enlightenment criticized:
criticized monarchial/clerical absolutism
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John Locke
believed that at birth the mind is blank – a clean slate or tabula rasa
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Voltaire
often called the “Father of the Enlightenment”
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Adam Smith
laissez faire (to let do) - his thoughts represent the essence of capitalism
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The Seven Year’s War
Essentially a first “world war” – fought in three locations: North America, Europe & India
the war drained the British treasury
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Causes of the French Revolution
practical bankruptcy of the state
inefficient & unjust tax system
philosophic ideas about the rights of man
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Albert Einstein
special theory of relativity revolutionized physics
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French Revolution:
Roughly a 10-year event, split into 3 phases: Moderate, Radical, Conservative
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The reigning monarchs of the French Revolution:
King Louis XVI (16th) & Queen Marie Antoinette
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FR Revolutionary slogan would become:
liberty, equality, and fraternity
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Bastille (prison)
a Paris mob stormed the:
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Jacobins v. Girondins
a Coup Deposes the G’s – factions in the National Convention
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Jacobins
more willing to listen to the economic & political demands of the sans-culottes
gained control of the government
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GB Admiral Nelson
FR Navy Defeated at Trafalgar by:
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Napoleon’s aim:
aim to invade GB was thwarted
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British (Duke of Wellington) & Prussian forces
defeat Napoleon at Waterloo
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Industrial Revolution:
basically: fields to factories – refers to the shift from an agrarian, manual skill, labor-intensive economy to one now dominated by machine manufacturing
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Cities:
industrialization accelerated urbanization
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G. W. F. Hegel
DT philosopher, advocated the Dialectic: Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis - this mechanism explains the totality of experience
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Socialism
the means of production are owned not by private individuals, but by the community
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Socialism is a:
is a umbrella term
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All communists are socialists, but:
but not all socialists are communists
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Karl Marx
published Communist Manifesto - manifesto called for a working-class revolution to overthrow the capitalist system
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a display of Western technology
what basically forced Japan to accept a treaty
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Franco-Prussian War
French forces decisively defeated
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Age of Western Imperialism
by 1914 most of the world was under Western control/influence
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Russia:
lacked a warm water port (no direct access to the Mediterranean) for trade/cultural exchange
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China – Boxer Rebellion
anti-western uprising
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GB - Welfare State
state that takes responsibility for the health/subsistence of its citizens
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factors contributing to the Outbreak:
The European balance of power was upset
Nationalism
Conflict between Austria & Serbia – both nations despised each other
Studied by 12 people
