WH2 FINAL - COMP

Cottage Industry

textiles were the first & main one

Deists

essentially established their own religion with “rational” ethics as its core

Salons

found in Paris, evening receptions for discussion

England

Elizabeth I ruled in:

Defeat of the Spanish Armada:

Elizabeth presided over the:

Edict of Nantes

granted religious toleration/freedom for Huguenots

Dutch established a global trading network

Locations in the East Indies and West Indies

Francis Bacon

inductive reasoning

Rene Descartes

deductive reasoning

Cardinal Richelieu

the architect of French Absolutism

The English Civil War

victorious: the New Model Army

Atlantic Slave Trade

voyage across the Atlantic was termed the “Middle Passage”

The Restoration

Charles II now King, restores the English throne

Richelieu & Mazarin

consolidated power in the king’s hands at the expense of the nobility

M defeated the nobles

Mercantilism

embraced by Jean Colbert

Mercantilism encouraged:

encouraged Colonialism (colonization)

colony furnishes raw materials - “mother” country produces finished goods

Louis XIV

became known as the “Sun” King

Versailles 

Louis’ palace

Louis XIV’s errors:

a decline in living standards

increase in mortality rates

termed the misery of the 95%

revocation of Edict of Nantes

Isaac Newton

was a scientific genius - optics and physics

For Newton:

the universe was an open system

England – The Glorious Revolution

Parliament grants William III and Mary II the crown

the supremacy of Parliament

William & Mary acknowledged:

the Enlightenment criticized:

criticized monarchial/clerical absolutism

John Locke

believed that at birth the mind is blank – a clean slate or tabula rasa

Voltaire

often called the “Father of the Enlightenment”

Adam Smith

laissez faire (to let do) - his thoughts represent the essence of capitalism

The Seven Year’s War

Essentially a first “world war” – fought in three locations: North America, Europe & India

the war drained the British treasury

Causes of the French Revolution

practical bankruptcy of the state

inefficient & unjust tax system

philosophic ideas about the rights of man

Albert Einstein

special theory of relativity revolutionized physics

French Revolution:

Roughly a 10-year event, split into 3 phases: Moderate, Radical, Conservative

The reigning monarchs of the French Revolution:

King Louis XVI (16th) & Queen Marie Antoinette

FR Revolutionary slogan would become: 

liberty, equality, and fraternity

Bastille (prison)

a Paris mob stormed the:

Jacobins v. Girondins

a Coup Deposes the G’s – factions in the National Convention

Jacobins

more willing to listen to the economic & political demands of the sans-culottes

gained control of the government

GB Admiral Nelson

FR Navy Defeated at Trafalgar by:

Napoleon’s aim:

aim to invade GB was thwarted

British (Duke of Wellington) & Prussian forces

defeat Napoleon at Waterloo

Industrial Revolution:

basically: fields to factories – refers to the shift from an agrarian, manual skill, labor-intensive economy to one now dominated by machine manufacturing

Cities:

industrialization accelerated urbanization

G. W. F. Hegel

DT philosopher, advocated the Dialectic: Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis - this mechanism explains the totality of experience

Socialism

the means of production are owned not by private individuals, but by the community

Socialism is a:

is a umbrella term

All communists are socialists, but:

but not all socialists are communists

Karl Marx

published Communist Manifesto - manifesto called for a working-class revolution to overthrow the capitalist system

a display of Western technology

what basically forced Japan to accept a treaty

Franco-Prussian War

French forces decisively defeated

Age of Western Imperialism

by 1914 most of the world was under Western control/influence

Russia:

lacked a warm water port (no direct access to the Mediterranean) for trade/cultural exchange

China – Boxer Rebellion

anti-western uprising

GB - Welfare State

state that takes responsibility for the health/subsistence of its citizens

factors contributing to the Outbreak:

The European balance of power was upset

Nationalism

Conflict between Austria & Serbia – both nations despised each other

Triple Entente (will later become the “Allies”):

Britain – France – Russia

Central Powers:

Germany – Austria-Hungary (aka Austria) – Turkey (aka Ottoman Empire)

Trench warfare

it characterized several fronts, but especially the crucial “Western Front” in France

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW)

DT pursues a bold policy - the U-boat policy of USW proves to be the key point for US intervention

Zimmermann Note

proposes Mexico should ally with Germany

Bolshevik Revolution

Vladimir Lenin & the communists take power in Russia

Wilson failed:

failed to include even one Republican senator in his delegation

Paris Peace Talks

“Big 4” include: Italy, France, Great Britain, United States

Armenian Genocide

in the forced exodus Armenians died of starvation or were killed by Turkish soldiers/police

Soviet

began as a workers’ and/or soldiers’ council/commune

Vatican City

remains an independent state

The Versailles settlement

redrew the map of Europe

Mohandas Gandhi

he opposed British rule

Vladimir Lenin

altered Marxism to Russian conditions

comrades close to Lenin

Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin

under Trotsky’s leadership:

the Red Army is created – comprised of dedicated Bolsheviks

Russian Civil War

“Reds” vs. non-communist “Whites”

ultimately Trotsky’s Red Army won

Joseph Stalin (“Man of Steel”)

the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union

Stalin purged:

purged party members/Soviet leaders

causes of the Great Depression:

lack of industrial diversification

an overexpansion of credit

Results of the Great Depression

manufacturers/merchants REDUCE prices

American farmers 

hurt significantly by foreclosure & drought (because of the Great Depression)

drought 

affected the Great Plains

FDR

pledged a “New Deal”

Fireside chats

FDR would use radio

“Hundred Days”

FDR summons Congress into special session

Great Depression effect on Japan

strengthened military groups

The New Deal

failed to cure the Depression:

heavy defense-related spending connected to WW II

what did “cure” the Depression:

under fascism:

private property is not abolished – the state does not own all property

Adolf Hitler’s Background:

He was born in Austria - rejected by the Vienna Academy of Arts

Mussolini

made Italy the first Fascist State

DT - Enabling Act is passed

the act permitted the Chancellor to enact legislation (laws) independently of the Reichstag

Spanish Civil War

a “dress rehearsal” for further conflict

Germany attacks Poland

Blitzkrieg (“lightning war”)

top-secret atomic program - The Manhattan Project

many refugee scientists will assist America with its atomic weapons preparation program

the Phony War

Germany pauses, relocates to Western area

Germany attacks France

DT cuts through the “impenetrable” Ardennes Forest

German armored forces out-flanked the FR Maginot defense line

“Miracle of Dunkirk”

DT had a “Panzer pause”

siege of Leningrad

civilians starve

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

within days, Germany declares war on the US

Bataan Death March

US surrenders Philippine Islands

D-Day

the invasion of Normandy (France) - Operation Overlord

Fire-bombing of Tokyo

Japanese cities fire-bombed by the US

Battle of Okinawa

a bloody campaign

The Holocaust

systematic state-sponsored extermination of “undesirables” by the Nazis & collaborators

persecution to ghettoization, to liquidation, to factory-like annihilation

Nazi policy moved from: