Black Power Final Exam

When were black people allowed to stay on campus?

Late 50s

Who was the first chairman of the first black studies program at San Fransisco State?

Dr. Nathan Hale

When did students take over Cornell?

Parents weekend

When and where was the first Black Student Union (BSU)

San Fransisco State, 1968

What were the two most famous campus take overs?

San Fransisco State in 1968, and Cornell in 1969

What was different about the students who took over Cornell vs. those in San Fransisco ?

San Fransisco has a lot of diversity being a public school. All different types of people were there, including different races and ethnicities and working class/poor.

Cornell, on the otherhand, had very little diversity. It was a private school; only black and white students

What was the main issue that caused the two uprisings at Cornell and San Fransisco ?

Students were protesting the Vietnam War and wanted to stop it. There were also events of police brutality

Who is largely responsible for Black Studies at OSU ?

William Nelson Jr.

What is the organization largely responsible for Black Studies?

Black Student Union (BSU)

What is affirmative action?

A program that was created for folks who were well qualified but were shut off from opportunities that white people were normally given. Affirmative action came along and opened up opportunities to people of color who had these qualifications. Race, ethnicity, and gender were all things affirmative actions were supposed to help with. 1964.

Who would hae been the first US African American senator in the southern state of North Carolina if he were elected?

Harvey Gantt (1999)

Who was Harvey Gantt’s opponent in the race? What did he say about him?

Jesse Helms; said he was a sellout?

What were a few of the cases in Brown vs. Board?

Briggs V. Elliot, Davis V. County School Board, Bolling V. Sharpe

How many cases were included in Brown vs. Board ?

5

Where were four places where protests took place at OSU?

Denney Hall, Hitchcock Hall, The Union, and Thompson Library

When did Brown vs. Board of education take place ?

1954

What is the difference between a riot and an uprising?

Write this out - Possible Essay Question - An uprising happens when people can no longer take injustice and need to be listened to. When people misuse these, it impacts the lives of people affected and how law enforcement gets to take advantage and hurt people with no consequences. When people are uprising, the media will use words like “Riot, stampeding, herding, zoo, etc.” to make hurt people look dangerous. This also makes them look like animals, which dehumanizes them and makes it easy for police to brutalize them. They will only see criminals, not people.

What is the difference between integration and desegregation?

To integrate something, you need a large mass of people coming in. People often mistake this with desegregating, which is only a few people. Jackie Robinson desegregated, he did not integrate. You can’t integrate with only one person.

Who is responsible for building black studies at OSU?

Dr. William Nelson Jr.

What actions were taken against student protestors from the state or school

Students were arrested, handcuffed, and placed into buses to stop the protests. Black students were also killed for protesting, and called criminals. Their funding was also threatened.

Where was the first black studies program?

San Fransisco State (1968)

Where was the first black studies master program?

OSU, 1975

What were the actual reasons that set off these uprisings?

The Vietnam War and Ending it; students wanted accurately represented in their studies in college

Who was responsible for building black studies at OSU?

Dr. William Nelson Jr.

Who was the main attorney and his mentor in the Brown VS. Board of Education Cases?

Charles H. Hamilton was the mentor of Thurgood Marshall

Why did students take over Cornell on parents’ weekend?

They did this for publicity sakes, and to make sure as many people saw it as possible. Cornell also gets a lot of money from Alumni and parents, and when funding is concerned administration listens most. They wanted parents to pressure administration.

Who was forced to comment in class about a book discussing racism?

Stan Dixon.

Students had to _____ to learn about protests; there was no technology

Communicate by word of mouth and very careful planning. Student exchange programs allowed plans to spread throughout the world.

When was San Fransisco taken over?

1968

When was Cornell taken over?

1969

What is the organization largely responsible for Black Studies?

BSU - Black Student Union

Campus protest were inspired by

Liberation efforts in Africa

Liberations in Africa were also inspired by

Campus protests in America

When did Ghana get independence?

1957

When did the modern civil rights movement begin?

1930s

The United States military did not integrate for several decades, however, they were

Integrating

Cohen arrived on campus to find huge protests going on @OUS. How did this affect her?

She knew thats where she needed to be; she felt called to it. She immediately gets involved with the protests.

The Vietnam War was disproportionally drafted with

Poor kids and Black People

People protested the Vietnam War because…

It was a waste of money that we needed back home. People also didn’t like to morals related to war in general

Uprisings led to what, in the late 1960s?

Departments of Diversity and Inclusion; Student Government

What school did Charles Hamilton Houston, the mentor of Brown VS. Board, go to ?

Howard Law School

What is the difference betwen separation and segregation?

Separation is a complete break away; not even living in the same place, they would be living in New Africa.

Segregation, on the other hand, would be living in the same place by partitioned by law.

What are the 3 (or 4) components of the Black Power movement? Give 3 examples of each.

Practice this as if it were an essay question:

1) There was an assertive/militant component. An example of such behavior is being willing to criticize openly the ways in which the system benefitted by keeping certain people consigned to an inferior place in society. One way the system kept people relegated to a so-called inferior status was via the police. Black power groups put police patrols in place to ensure that residents were safe from police harassment and excessive force.

2) Education. Becoming politically conscious, and in order to become politically conscious one has to read, be able think critically and analytically, be able to think for oneself.

3.  Culture was also a big part of the Black Power movement. Side note: Hip Hop is a culture and music, but Rap is music. Hip Hop the culture includes what? Language, Attire/dress, art, style. Also, learning about Africa and its different cultures.

4) Electoral Policies: Making members politically conscious. Supporting those political candidates who has their best interest. For example, Black Powerites worked to get the first Black mayor of Cleveland elected; who was he? Carl Stokes, who was elected in 1967.Electoral Politics: Supporting those political candidates who has their best inter

• Militant : The Decans for Defense and Justice, Malcolm X, Robert F Williams advocating for self defense and forming gun clubs.

• Cultural: writing poetry, painting, films: organizing voter registration drives, creating political parties, advocating for civil rights legislation.

• Education: Teaching and reading about black history, learning where they came from and what the culture was like. Mention notible black power poets including Robert F Williams.

• Electoral Policies: Increasing the political consciousness of their members by trying to get people elected who have their best interests in mind.

*Talk about the impact of Cultural Nationalist Organizations and who they are. How did they increase the Political Consciousness of its members? What means did they use for education?

Who founded Kwanzaa?

Maulana Karenga in 1966.

Name the 4 cities where black power activists helped to elect black mayors and name them.

Richard Hatcher of Gary, Indiana

Carl Stokes of Cleveland, Ohio

Kenneth Gibson of Newark, New Jersey

Lionel Wilson of Oakland, California

In what ways did the Congress of African Peoples (or any other group) instill levels of political consciousness during the Black Power Movement?

These are Cultural Nationalist Organizations.

They promoted black identity, pride, and self-determination through education, cultural events, and political activism. These include putting on skits, playing music, dancing, and reading and writing black history. They started with observation and then began participating.

Name the dates of Kwanzaa:

December 26th to January 1st.

What is the period of the Black Power Movement?

1963 - 1980.

It was birthed in 1963 with Robert F Williams and the assassination Malcolm X and the Watts Uprisings… HOWEVER it really began to rise in 1965.

It’s said to end when Reagan took office in 1980.

What was the Decans for Defense and Justice?

They were fighting against racism by protecting the Black Community from thew KKK. They were seen as a more militant group that started as Decans from the church. They ended up branching out and taking veterans who had combat experience.

Rap is music, Hip-Hop is what?

Culture

Where and when was US founded?

Los Angeles, 1965.

What does US stand for?

US against them; wherever we are, US is.

Who was the leader the US?

Maulana Karenga.

What gave rise to the US organization?

The WATTS Uprisings and the assassination of Malcolm X.

What was the African Language?

Swahili

When and where was the Decans for Defense and Justice founded?

Bogalusa, Lousiana in 1964

Where and when was the Congress of African Peoples founded?

1970 in Newark, New Jersey.

The Republic of New Africa was founded:

In Detroit Michigan in 1968 before being moved to Jackson Mississippi.

Son of Watts was founded after:

The Watts Uprisings in 1965.

Where and when was the League of Revolutionary Black Workers founded?

1969 in Detroit Michigan.

When was the Great Migration and how did this impact the League of Revolutionary Black Workers?

The Great Migration took place between 1910 and 1970. During this time, lots of people were leaving the South and stopping in Detroit to live and work there because it had a strong automotive industry. It was also a port town, and had many disgruntled employees of color. This is where Henry Ford was.

What did the Dixiecrats want?

They wanted control over several states in the south like Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and South Carolina.

What did the southern states have in common that the Dixiecrats wanted?

They had the highest population of Black People.

They were also all on the coast, which had an abundance of ports and access to commerce. This allowed them to do business with places other than the United States.

Which two states had and still have the largest percentage of Black Folk in the 1960s?

Mississippi and South Carolina.

Who was Robert F. Williams and why was he suspended?

Robert F Williams was the president of the Monroe NAACXP. He advocated for self defense and taught black people how to be armed and started gun clubs like the NRA. This lead to him being suspended.

Because of their location in Los Angeles, California, the Watts uprisings only gave rise to what organizations?

US and the Sons of Watts.

Where were the three major uprisings of the Black Power movement?

Los Angeles, Newark, and Detroit

What kind of organization was US and the Congress of African Peoples?

A Cultural Nationalist Organization. They were known for using culture to increase the political consciousness of their members.

When and where was the Son of Watts founded?

Los Angeles, 1966

What was the Southern Christian Leadership Confrence’s main focus?

Removing barriers that kept black people from voting

What two events prompted students to get involved in the Freedom Summit Movement?

The 1960s Lunch Counter Sit-Ins

The killing of the three men who were investigating the church burning; James Chaney, Mickey Schwerner, Andrew Goodman

What was the primary focus of Ida B Well’s Research, and what was it called?

She traveled across the South, and looking to why Black men were being lynched. She found that it was because white people were describing them as “Uppity”, and not because they were sexually assaulting white women. These findings were called the Red Record.

During the Freedom Summit, those in the South Noticed ________ from the North, which caused problems with people getting detected

Northern License Plates

What were the locations of the three major bus boycotts, and why did they occur here?

• Baton Rouge (1953) - Southern University

• Montgomery (1955) - Alabama State

• Tallahassee (1956) - Florida A&M University

All of them were located near a HBCU…talk about why being in a major city was a good thing for these boycotts

What were three occupations where you didn’t have to rely on the white dollar?

Working as a minister, a barber or hairstylist, or working in a black funeral home

What is the tri-partide system?

Social, political, and economic domination

Why was Rosa parks the face of the bus boycotts?

She was a respectable women. She was married, and was known for being apart of the NAACP.

What is the institutional core of the Black Community?

The Black Church

What’s the MC?

Master of Ceremonies; responsible for coordinating and directing movements of ministers

What were the movement organizations associated with each bus boycott?

Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), The Inter-Civic Council (Tallahassee), and United Defense League (Baton Rouge)

What were the 5 tactics put into place to keep black people from voting?

Poll tax, grandfather clause, white primary, literacy test, intimidation (KKK, threatening jobs and housing, etc.)

When was the NAACP founded and what was it’s strategy?

1909 in New York City; They used the court systems

When and where was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference founded?

1957, Atlanta Georgia

When and where was the Congress of Racial Equality founded?

1942, Chicago Illinois

When and where was the Student Nonviolence Coordinating Committee founded?

1960, North Carolina

What are two types of representation?

Symbolic: Someone holding a position that has traditionally been unavailable to them.

• Women see this woman in a position they were previously denied, and this is inspiring and empowering to them. That is a symbolic representation. 

• Shirley Chisholm: first black woman to run for president on a major party ticket

Substitutive: When you elect a person into office, and that person works on your behalf while having your interest a heart. They want to improve your livelihood. 

• A person doesn’t have to look like you to accomplish this.

• If they get into office and don’t get anything done, they are still substantive representation. If they can’t get anything done, it may be due to things beyond their control or due to restraints on their power, a bunch of haters on the city council. 

Which University had the greatest impact on freedom, justice and equality?

Howard University

What two colleges/universities in this region of the country trained people to be civil rights workers?

Miami University and Oberlin College

Who was the main leader of the Little Rock Nine movement, and when did it take place?

Daisy Bates, 1957

Possible Essay: Explain the differences between the Rural and Urban Black churches. Elaborate, give examples, ect.

• The pastors in urban churches tended to be more educated than those in Rural Churches

• Urban Churches Tend to be smaller because there are more churches with people spread out; Rural churches can be larger because they’ll have fewer in an area

• The urban church tends to be more cosmopolitan and seen in a more sophisticated way

• A pastor in the Urban church would move around more frequently (be presented with a better opportunity, going to new jobs). 

What organization in the modern civil rights movement played the most significant role to publicize the killers of Emmit Till and bring his killers to justice?in publicizing

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Who was the head of the NAACP when Emmit Till was killed?

Roy Wilkins

Who was the lead council for the NAACP?

Thurgood Marshal

Who took over the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and is the reason it began to create change?

Ella Baker

Who made up the executive board of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference?

The first president was Martin Luther King

Reverend C.K. Steele - Vice President

Fred Shuttlesworth - Co-Founder

Revrend T.J. Jemison - Secretary

When black people were denied the right to vote, what else were they denied?

The right to sit on juries, run for office, register to vote

Who was the first black women to run for president on a major party ticket?

Shirley Chisholm