PSY Ch 9 Review ( 3 )

Germinal Stage

The first stage of prenatal development, lasting from 0-2 weeks, characterized by the zygote dividing and implanting in the uterine wall.

Embryonic Stage

The second stage of prenatal development, from 3-8 weeks, where major organs and structures start to form.

Fetal Stage

The final stage of prenatal development, from 9 weeks to birth, marked by rapid growth and organ refinement.

Teratogen

A substance or factor that can cause harm to a developing fetus, such as alcohol or drugs.

Infant abilities at birth

Infants have underdeveloped vision, basic hearing, a sense of touch, smell, taste, and reflexes like sucking, rooting, and grasping.

Easy temperament

A type of infant temperament characterized by adaptability and a generally positive mood.

Difficult temperament

A type of infant temperament characterized by intense reactions and a more negative mood.

Slow-to-warm-up temperament

A type of temperament where infants are hesitant to change but can adjust over time.

Authoritative Parenting Style

A style characterized by high warmth and high control, associated with positive developmental outcomes.

Authoritarian Parenting Style

A style characterized by low warmth and high control, often resulting in obedient but less happy children.

Permissive Parenting Style

A parenting style with high warmth and low control, leading to potential struggles with self-discipline in children.

Neglectful Parenting Style

A style marked by low warmth and low control, often linked to poor developmental outcomes.

Harlow’s Monkey Studies

Experiments showing that contact comfort is more important than food in forming attachment.

Secure Attachment

A type of attachment where the child is upset when the caregiver leaves and comforted upon return.

Avoidant Attachment

A type of attachment characterized by little reaction to the caregiver leaving or returning.

Ambivalent Attachment

A type of attachment where the child is highly distressed when the caregiver leaves and ambivalent upon return.

Disorganized Attachment

A type of attachment characterized by inconsistent behaviors in the child.

Language development stages

Stages include Cooing (2 months), Babbling (6-9 months), One-word stage (12 months), Two-word stage (18-24 months), Telegraphic Speech, and Complex Sentences (3 years onward).

Schemas

Cognitive frameworks that help organize and interpret information.

Assimilation

Integrating new information into existing schemas.

Accommodation

Adjusting schemas to incorporate new information.

Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage in Piaget’s cognitive development theory, from birth to 2 years, focused on sensory experiences and motor actions.

Preoperational Stage

The second stage in Piaget’s theory, from ages 2 to 7, where children begin using symbols and language but struggle with logical operations.

Concrete Operational Stage

The third stage in Piaget’s cognitive development, from 7 to 11 years, characterized by logical thought and mastery of conservation.

Formal Operational Stage

The final stage in Piaget’s cognitive development, beginning at age 11, marked by the ability to think abstractly.

Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development

Emphasizes social and cultural influences on cognitive development.

Zone of Proximal Development

The range of tasks a child can perform with guidance.

Scaffolding

Support given by caregivers to help children achieve tasks within their ZPD.

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Stages include Preconventional (self-interest), Conventional (societal rules), and Postconventional (abstract principles).

Gender

Socially influenced characteristics associated with being male or female.

Sex

Biological attributes determining male and female.

Gender Role

Societal expectations for behavior based on gender.

Gender Identity

Personal sense of one's gender.

Gender Schema Theory

The theory that children learn gender roles by categorizing behaviors.

Social Learning Theory

The theory that gender roles are learned through observation, imitation, and reinforcement.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

Stages for adolescence (identity vs. role confusion), young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation), middle adulthood (generativity vs. stagnation), and late adulthood (integrity vs. despair).

Adolescence

A developmental period starting at puberty and ending at early adulthood.

Changes during puberty

Hormonal changes, growth spurts, and development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Kubler-Ross’s Stages of Grief

Stages include Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance.

Cognitive decline in aging

Some cognitive abilities decline (e.g., fluid intelligence), but crystallized intelligence remains stable or improves.

Physical decline in aging

Physical abilities such as muscle mass and reaction times generally decline with age.

Developmental Milestone

Approximate ages when children reach specific normative events.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

Newborn Reflexes

Automatic responses that healthy babies are born with.

Fine Motor Skills

Coordination of small muscle movements, typically in hands and fingers.

Gross Motor Skills

Coordination of large muscle groups for big movements.

Primary Sexual Characteristics

Organs specifically needed for reproduction.

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Physical signs of sexual maturation not directly involved in reproduction.

Living Will

A legal document detailing specific medical interventions a person wants.

Do Not Resuscitate (DNR)

A legal document stating that no resuscitation efforts should be made if a patient stops breathing or their heart stops.

Health Care Proxy

A legal document appointing someone to make medical decisions on behalf of a patient unable to do so.

Emerging Adulthood

A newly defined period from 18 years old to the mid-20s where young people take longer to reach traditional adult milestones.

Psychosocial Development (Erikson)

Process proposed by Erikson, mastering social tasks throughout eight stages from infancy to adulthood.

Critical (Sensitive) Period

A specific time during development when certain parts or organs grow.

Continuous Development

The view that development is a cumulative process rather than in unique stages.

Discontinuous Development

The view that development takes place in distinct stages that happen at specific ages.

Attachment

A long-standing bond or connection with others.

Resistant Attachment

A type of attachment characterized by clingy behavior but rejection of the parent upon interaction.