Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life

Biological macromolecules

Biological macromolecules

________ are polymers formed by linking monomers together through dehydration reactions.

Surface tension Surface tension

________ allows water to be resistant to external forces, due to the cohesive nature of water molecules to one another instead of the surrounding molecules in the air.

Thymine

________ and cytosine- a type of nitrogenous base called a pyrimidine, contain a single- ring structure.

Chitin

________- an important part of the exoskeletons of arthropods such as insects, spiders and shellfish.

Anion

________- ion with negative charge; composed of more electrons than protons.

structural components

Functions in the body- serve as ________; transport aids, enzymes, and cell signals.

Compounds

________- molecules that are composed of more than one element.

Electrons

________ shared between the hydrogen and oxygen molecules are closer to the oxygen molecule due to its electronegativity.

Adenine

________ and guanine- a type of nitrogenous base called a purine, contain a double ring structure.

Animes

________- Compounds containing amino groups; act as bases, and can pick up protons from acids.

Glycogen

________ is formed by linking many glucose molecules together.

Organic

________ compounds- contain carbon and usually hydrogen; Inorganic compounds do not.

Elements

________ can be combined to form molecules.

DNA

While ________ exists as a double strand, RNA is a single- stranded entity.

James D Watson

Scientists ________ and Francis H.C. Crick- given credit for realizing that DNA was arranged in what they termed a double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds.

Starch

________- made solely of glucose molecules linked together, is the storage form of choice for plants.

Animals

________ store much of their carbohydrate energy in the form of glycogen, often found in liver and muscle cells.

Hydrophobic

________ and insoluble in water as they contain a hydrocarbon tail of CH2S that is nonpolar and repellant to water.

Macromolecules

________- assembled via dehydration synthesis (A reaction that forms a covalent bond between two monomer units while releasing a water molecule in the process)

Matter

________- anything that has mass and takes up space.

positive charge

Cation- ion with ________; composed of more protons than electrons.

Chemical reactions

________ in humans function at or near a neutral pH; exceptions- the ________ involving some of the enzymes of the digestive system.

Hydrolysis

________ the process by which the covalent bonds between monomer units are broken by the addition of water.

Disaccharide

________- sugar consisting of two or more monosaccharides bound together.

Fats

________- lipids made by combining glycerol and three fatty acids- used as long term energy stores in cells.

Monosaccharide

________- simple sugar, the purest form of a carbohydrate.

Cellulose

________- a compound composed of many glucose molecules, used by plants in the formation of their cell walls.

neutral charge

Non Polar molecules- ________ due to equal sharing of electrons.

Deoxyribonucleic acid

________ (DNA)- composed of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Evaporative

________ cooling* The surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation as a result of water absorbing energy in the form of heat.

pH scale

The ________- used to indicate how acidic or basic a solution is.

Atom

________- the smallest form of an element that still displays particular properties.

carbonyl group

A(n) ________ makes a compound hydrophilic (water- loving, reacting well with water) and polar (a molecule that has an unequal distribution of charge, which creates a positive and negative side to the molecule)

Ion

________- An atom with a negative or positive charge.

genetic molecules

(Glucose- C6H12O6)* Monosaccharides with five carbons (C5H10O5) are used in compounds such as ________ (RNA) and high- energy molecules (ATP)

oxygen molecule

Inorganic compound consisting of one ________ covalently bonded to two hydrogen bonds.

strand of DNA

Each ________ consists of a sugar- phosphate (sugar- deoxyribose) backbone that keeps the nucleotides connected with the strand.

Phospholipids

________- amphipathic structures- they have both a hydrophobic tail (a hydrocarbon chain) and a hydrophilic head (the phosphate group)* Major component of cell membranes; hydrophilic phosphate group- forms the outside portion, hydrophobic tail- forms the interior of the wall.

Quaternary structure

________- the arrangement of separate polypeptide subunits into a single protein.

Adenine

________ always pairs with thymine (A= T) held together by two hydrogen bonds; guanine always pairs with cytosine (C≡G) held together by three hydrogen bonds.

Macromolecules

________- made of single units called monomers that are joined together by covalent bonds to form large polymers, such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins.

Compounds

________ containing carboxyl groups are known as carboxylic acids.