Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life

Biological macromolecules

\________ are polymers formed by linking monomers together through dehydration reactions.

Surface tension Surface tension

\________ allows water to be resistant to external forces, due to the cohesive nature of water molecules to one another instead of the surrounding molecules in the air.

Thymine

\________ and cytosine- a type of nitrogenous base called a pyrimidine, contain a single- ring structure.

Chitin

\________- an important part of the exoskeletons of arthropods such as insects, spiders and shellfish.

Anion

\________- ion with negative charge; composed of more electrons than protons.

structural components

Functions in the body- serve as \________; transport aids, enzymes, and cell signals.

Compounds

\________- molecules that are composed of more than one element.

Electrons

\________ shared between the hydrogen and oxygen molecules are closer to the oxygen molecule due to its electronegativity.

Adenine

\________ and guanine- a type of nitrogenous base called a purine, contain a double ring structure.

Animes

\________- Compounds containing amino groups; act as bases, and can pick up protons from acids.

Glycogen

\________ is formed by linking many glucose molecules together.

Organic

\________ compounds- contain carbon and usually hydrogen; Inorganic compounds do not.

Elements

\________ can be combined to form molecules.

DNA

While \________ exists as a double strand, RNA is a single- stranded entity.

James D Watson

Scientists \________ and Francis H.C. Crick- given credit for realizing that DNA was arranged in what they termed a double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds.

Starch

\________- made solely of glucose molecules linked together, is the storage form of choice for plants.

Animals

\________ store much of their carbohydrate energy in the form of glycogen, often found in liver and muscle cells.

Hydrophobic

\________ and insoluble in water as they contain a hydrocarbon tail of CH2S that is nonpolar and repellant to water.

Macromolecules

\________- assembled via dehydration synthesis (A reaction that forms a covalent bond between two monomer units while releasing a water molecule in the process)

Matter

\________- anything that has mass and takes up space.

positive charge

Cation- ion with \________; composed of more protons than electrons.

Chemical reactions

\________ in humans function at or near a neutral pH; exceptions- the \________ involving some of the enzymes of the digestive system.

Hydrolysis

\________ the process by which the covalent bonds between monomer units are broken by the addition of water.

Disaccharide

\________- sugar consisting of two or more monosaccharides bound together.

Fats

\________- lipids made by combining glycerol and three fatty acids- used as long term energy stores in cells.

Monosaccharide

\________- simple sugar, the purest form of a carbohydrate.

Cellulose

\________- a compound composed of many glucose molecules, used by plants in the formation of their cell walls.

neutral charge

Non Polar molecules- \________ due to equal sharing of electrons.

Deoxyribonucleic acid

\________ (DNA)- composed of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Evaporative

\________ cooling* The surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation as a result of water absorbing energy in the form of heat.

pH scale

The \________- used to indicate how acidic or basic a solution is.

Atom

\________- the smallest form of an element that still displays particular properties.

carbonyl group

A(n) \________ makes a compound hydrophilic (water- loving, reacting well with water) and polar (a molecule that has an unequal distribution of charge, which creates a positive and negative side to the molecule)

Ion

\________- An atom with a negative or positive charge.

genetic molecules

(Glucose- C6H12O6)* Monosaccharides with five carbons (C5H10O5) are used in compounds such as \________ (RNA) and high- energy molecules (ATP)

oxygen molecule

Inorganic compound consisting of one \________ covalently bonded to two hydrogen bonds.

strand of DNA

Each \________ consists of a sugar- phosphate (sugar- deoxyribose) backbone that keeps the nucleotides connected with the strand.

Phospholipids

\________- amphipathic structures- they have both a hydrophobic tail (a hydrocarbon chain) and a hydrophilic head (the phosphate group)* Major component of cell membranes; hydrophilic phosphate group- forms the outside portion, hydrophobic tail- forms the interior of the wall.

Quaternary structure

\________- the arrangement of separate polypeptide subunits into a single protein.

Adenine

\________ always pairs with thymine (A\= T) held together by two hydrogen bonds; guanine always pairs with cytosine (C≡G) held together by three hydrogen bonds.

Macromolecules

\________- made of single units called monomers that are joined together by covalent bonds to form large polymers, such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins.

Compounds

\________ containing carboxyl groups are known as carboxylic acids.