Exam 2 Review

place

the location in the vocal tract where the articulators forming the sound make contact

manner

how articulators relate to each other to control airflow in the oral and nasal cavities to produce a certain phoneme

voicing

whether or not the vocal folds vibrate for any given phoneme

dyspepsia

aka indigestion; a general term for discomfort in the upper abdomen, often including symptoms like pain, burning, or fullness, that can occur during or after eating

dyspnea

subjectively perceived discomfort in breathing; shortness of breath; ranges from mild to extreme

dysphonia

the generic term for any voice that sounds deviant in terms of pitch, quality, or loudness

suprahyoid

extrinsic muscles that pull the hyoid bone up

infrahyoid

extrinsic muscles that pull the hyoid bone down

inflates

When the diaphragm contracts, then the lungs (inflates/deflates).

deflates

When the diaphragm relaxes, then the lungs (inflates/deflates).

vowels

Do vowels or consonants have greater acoustic energy?

consonants

Do vowels or consonants have greater vocal tract constriction?

stops

What kind of sound would have a spectrogram with the acoustic features of a silent gap, release burst, VOT, and formant transitions?

formants

resonant frequencies of the vocal tract

hyoid bone

U-shaped bone that forms the attachment for the root of the tongue and suspends the larynx

tidal volume (TV)

the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of respiration; varies depending on age, build, and physical activity

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume; further inhalation after a normal inhalation

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume; further exhalation after a normal exhalation

residual volume (RV)

volume of air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration that cannot be voluntarily expelled; ensures there is always at least some volume of air

vital capacity (VC)

volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation; combination of IRV (extra inhalation), tidal volume (normal inhalation and exhalation), and ERV (extra exhalation)

IRV + TV + ERV = VC

What is the formula for vital capacity?

functional residual capacity (FRC)

volume of air remaining in the lungs and airways at the end-expiratory level (at the end of a normal exhalation); made up of the ERV (extra exhalation possible) and RV (permanent air)

ERV + RV = FRC

What is the formula for FRC?

total lung capacity (TLC)

total amount of air the lungs can hold; made up of TV (normal inhale & exhale), IRV (extra inhale), ERV (extra exhale), and RV (permanent air)

TV + IRV + ERV + RV = TLC

What is the formula for TLC?

inspiratory capacity (IC)

maximum volume of air that can be inspired from end-expiratory level (end of a normal exhale); made up of TV (normal inhale & exhale) & IRV (extra inhale); deep inhale after normal exhale

TV + IRV = IC

What is the formula for inspiratory capacity?

cricoid cartilage

What part of the bronchial tree is number 1?

thyroid cartilage

What part of the bronchial tree is number 2?

trachea

What part of the bronchial tree is number 4?

primary bronchi

What part of the bronchial tree is number 5?

tertiary bronchi

What part of the bronchial tree is number 6 & 8?

secondary bronchi

What part of the bronchial tree is number 7?

alveoli

What part of the bronchial tree is number 9?

bronchioles

What is number 12?

glottal sound, vocal tract resonator, radiated sound at the lips

What are the three components of the source filter theory of vowel production?

labial, lingual, velopharyngeal, laryngeal

What are the four valves of the vocal tract?

Epiglottis, cricoid, thyroid

What are the three unpaired cartilages?

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

What are the three paired cartilages?

extrinsic muscles

The large up-and-down movements of the larynx that occur mainly during swallowing are done by the _______.

extrinsic

muscles that are attached to two different structures at its end; usually serves to bring the two structures closer together or further apart

intrinsic

muscles that are attached at both ends within the same structure

modal register

vocal register used in conversational speech; the normal range of pitches

glottal fry

the lowest vocal register, often sounded crackly or hoarse; can be caused by voice disorder or may be a conscious or unconscious choice by the individual

falsetto

the highest vocal register, think soprano pitches

4x

The first resonant frequency (first formant) occurs at a wavelength who frequency is _____ the length of the tube.

open

During the production of nasal sounds (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/), the velopharyngeal port is (open/closed).

myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation

theory that voice is produced through the interaction of muscle force and airflow (essay question alert)

voiceless sounds

sounds in which there is no vocal fold vibartion

voiced sounds

sounds in which there is vocal fold vibration

voiced

All vowels are ________.

intonation

the rise and fall of the voice during speaking that helps communicate emotions and attitude during speech

wavelength = (tube length) x 4

What is the formula for calculating wavelength if given the tube length?

F1 = (34,400 cm/s) / wavelength

What is the formula for the first resonant frequency (first formant) of a tube if given the wavelength of the tube?

F2 = F1 × 3

What is the formula for the second resonant frequency (second formant) of a tube if given the first resonant frequency (first formant) of the tube?

F3 = F1 x 5

What is the formula for the third resonant frequency (third formant) of a tube if given the first resonant frequency (first formant) of the tube?

vowel quadralateral

What is this an image of?

labial valve

a valve of the vocal tract made up of the lips, their movement and contact with other articulators

lingual valve

a valve of the vocal tract made up of the tongue interacting with other articulators

velopharngeal valve

a valve of the vocal tract at the back of the throat that can move to open or block the area connecting the oral and nasal cavities to produce various phonemes

nasal, oral, pharyngeal

What are the three vocal tract cavities?

laryngopharynx, oropharynx, nasopharynx

What are the three portions of the pharynx?

levator veli palatini

Which muscle elevates the velum?

hypernasality

nasally sounding voice caused when air escapes through the nasal cavity rather than the oral cavity

hyponasality

stuffy sounding voice caused when air is completely prevented from escaping through the nasal cavity

broadly tuned resonator

The vocal tract’s irregular shape makes it a _______________ that transmits a wide range of frequencies.

stop gap

acoustic cue of stops that involves a brief silence as pressure is built up

release burst

acoustic cue of stops that involves a burst noise upon release

aspiration

acoustic cue of stops that involves a brief hiss of air

voice onset time (VOT)

the time between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of vocal fold vibration

voicing lead

type of voice onset time that begins before a stop release; vocal folds approximate throughout stop closure

found in voiced stops

short-lag

type of voice onset time that involves the vocal folds being adducted by the time the stop is released; creates a silent closure, with voicing beginning on the release or just after

found in voiceless unaspirated stops

long-lag

type of voice onset time that invovles the vocal folds adducting after the stop is released

found in voicless aspirated

higher, lower

In general, vowels are ________ in intensity and _______ in frequency than consonants.

coarticulation

the articulation of three or more speech sounds together so that they influence each other

increases

The vowel’s first formant (decreases/increases) as you move from top to bottom of the vowel quadralateral.

decreases

The vowel’s second formant (decreases/increases) as you move from left to right of the vowel quadralateral.

vocal folds

The fundamental frequency of your voice is determined by their source which is the

vocal tract

Formants of your voice are determined by their filter which is the

3

The right lung has _____ lobes.

2

The left lung has _____ lobes.

vocalists

Who might use a large portion of their expiratory reserve volume to sustain a long phrase without inhaling?

epiglottis

a broad cartilage that is shaped like a leaf

medial compression of the vocal folds

According to the myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation, what causes subglottal air pressure to increase during phonation?

pleural linkage

negative pressure in the pleural space that keeps the thorax and lungs connected (but protected and with a smooth moving surface by the pleura)

lamina propria

The mucous membrane of the true vocal folds is called the ________ and is composed of three layers.

squamous epithelium, superficial lamina propria, intermediate lamina propria, deep lamina propria, thyroarytenoid muscle

What are the five layers of the vocal folds, from most superficial to most deep?