Russian Revolution and Rise of Fascism Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from the lecture notes on the Russian Revolution, the rise of Fascism, and Japanese Imperialism.

Romanovs

The last imperial dynasty that ruled Russia, led by Tsar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra.

Serfs

Poor peasants, kind of slaves - owned by lords-who lived on their lands. -worked in exchange for a place to live

Emancipation Manifesto

A document that ended serfdom in 1861, but peasants remained heavily taxed and tied to landlords.

George Gapon

A priest who organized a peaceful protest to Czar Nicholas II asking for better working conditions, shorter hours, and higher wages on January 22, 1905.

Bloody Sunday (January 22 1905)

The event where a peaceful protest was met with violence from police and Cossack soldiers, killing over 100 and wounding about 300.

Grigori Rasputin

Religious figure who gained influence with Czar Nicholas II’s family because they believed he could heal their son’s hemophilia.

March Revolution (1917)

A series of strikes and protests in March 1917 which forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate and ended the Romanov dynasty.

Provisional Government

Temporary government set up by the Duma, which continued Russia’s involvement in World War I.

Soviets

Local worker councils that gained more power than the provisional government in many cities.

Bolsheviks

Radical socialist group led by Vladimir Lenin that wanted to overthrow the government and create a communist state ruled by the working class.

Mensheviks

More moderate socialists who supported gradual change and democracy.

Bolsheviks

A political group that followed the ideas of Karl Marx, led by Vladimir Lenin.

Communism

Eliminates private property, social classes and money. The government owns everything, with the goal of a stateless, classless society and people are paid equally according to their needs

Socialism

Allows for some private businesses, but the government controls and regulates major industries. Has both private and public ownership

Leon Trotsky

Military leader of the red army

New economic Policy (NEP)

Small scale of capitalism and allowed Lenin to restore the Russian crumbling economy fast.

Internationalism

Belief that countries can achieve more advantages by working together and trying to understand each other than by arguing and fighting wars with each other.

Fascism

Glorifies violence, war, racism, and nationalism, rejecting democracy and equality. It aims to purify a nation by excluding outsiders, especially by race or ethnicity, and is anti-socialist and male-dominated.

Totalitarianism

Seeks total control of society, often through fear, and can be either left or right-wing.

Authoritarianism

Involves strict control, but not necessarily the extreme nationalism or violence seen in fascism.

Ultra-Nationalism

Pride in one's nation; believing it is superior to others.

Mythic Past

Belief in a fake or exaggerated version ofthe past. Leaders claim the nation or race was better back then, and say things must return to how they were.

Unreality

Using lies, propaganda, and conspiracy theories to make people believe extreme actions are necessary.

Authoritarianism

Preference for a strong, centralized government with a powerful leader.

Hierarchy

Beliefthat some people (by race, gender, etc.) are naturally better than others.

Militarism

Emphasis on military and police strength and aggressive foreign policy.

Scapegoating

Blaming specific groups (usually minorities and immigrants) for societal and economic problems.

Blackshirts

Street-fighting group formed by Mussolini to supportlandowners.

March on Rome

A planned demonstration to seize power in 1922. Mussolini was appointed Prime Minister by the King of Italy after this.

Mussolini Ethnic policies

Began viewing ethnic minorities as obstacles to a purely Italian state after 1938

Stalin Grain

Confiscation and Class Warfare

Command Economy and Centralization

Stalin’s government controlled all aspects ofthe economy through a command economy where the state made all economic decisions.

Command Economy

The governmenttold every factory exactly whatto produce and how much. The state decided how much food people gotthrough rationing and the government assigned people to jobs.

Purges

Executions and imprisonments—of anyone suspected of opposing Stalin.

Meiji Restoration

Japan industrialized during this timeperiod(1868-1890)

Manchurian Incident(1931)

Japan staged an attack on its own railway to justify military action, Japan invaded Manchuria and created the puppet state of Manchukuo here

Nanking Massacre (1937-1938)

After invading China in 1937, Japan captured Nanking,the capital, where this event occurred.