America in the Early 1800s

What was the main economic difference between the North and South in the early 1800s?

The North focused on manufacturing and industry, while the South relied on agriculture and cotton production

What invention by Eli Whitney revolutionized cotton processing?

The cotton gin.

What are interchangeable parts?

Standardized parts that can be used in place of one another, improving manufacturing efficiency.

What was the American System?

A plan to unify the nation through a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements.

What was the significance of the Erie Canal?

It connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie, boosting trade and making New York City a dominant port.

Why did the North industrialize faster than the South?

The North had poor soil for cash crops and relied more on trade and manufacturing.

Why was slavery abolished in the North by 1804?

Economic conditions made slavery unnecessary, and political and religious opposition grew

How did the cotton gin affect slavery in the South?

It increased cotton production, which led to a higher demand for slave labor.

What was the Tariff of 1816?

A protective tariff designed to shield American manufacturers from British competition.

Who promoted the American System?

Henry Clay, who was originally a War Hawk.

What was the impact of the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812?

They disrupted foreign trade and encouraged domestic manufacturing.

What was the Missouri Compromise?

An agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining balance in Congress.

What did the Monroe Doctrine declare?

That European powers should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced relocation of Cherokee Indians to lands west of the Mississippi, resulting in thousands of deaths.

What was Jackson’s spoils system?

A practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs.

What was the nullification theory?

John C. Calhoun’s idea that states could reject federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

What caused the Panic of 1837?

Jackson’s banking policies and the collapse of pet banks.

Why did Jackson oppose the Second Bank of the United States?

He viewed it as a tool for the wealthy elite and a threat to democracy.

What was the significance of McCulloch v. Maryland?

It strengthened federal power by ruling that states could not tax the national bank.

What was the significance of Gibbons v. Ogden?

It established that only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce.

What was the main reason for building canals in the early 1800s?

To facilitate trade and transportation.

What was the role of Henry Clay in the American System?

He proposed a plan to strengthen the economy.

What was the effect of the Missouri Compromise on sectional tensions?

It temporarily eased tensions between North and South.

What was the main cause of the Trail of Tears?

Indian Removal Act.

What was a consequence of the cotton boom?

The expansion of slavery.

What was the main purpose of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803?

To double the size of the United States and secure control of the Mississippi River.

What was the long-term effect of the American System?

Foundation for national economic growth.

How did the War of 1812 influence American nationalism?

It fostered a sense of unity and pride, especially after victories like the Battle of New Orleans.

What was the significance of the Hartford Convention (1814–1815)?

It revealed the Federalists’ opposition to the war.

Why was the Cumberland Road important in the early 1800s?

It was the first federally funded highway and improved westward travel and trade.

What role did John Marshall’s Supreme Court play in the early 1800s?

It strengthened federal authority through landmark decisions like McCulloch v. Maryland.

What was the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819?

An agreement in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

What was the Indian Removal Act?

1830 law authorizing relocation of Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.

What was the Jacksonian Democracy?

Political movement expanding suffrage to all white men; emphasized majority rule and distrust of elites.

What was the Cherokee Trail of Tears?

Path taken by Cherokee during forced removal; symbol of suffering and injustice.

What is a veto?

Presidential power used frequently by Jackson to block legislation, especially the recharter of the Second Bank.

What was the Second National Bank?

Federal bank opposed by Jackson; seen as favoring elites over common people.

Who was John Adams?

2nd U.S. President; Federalist; promoted strong central government.

Who was James K. Polk?

11th U.S. President; expansionist; oversaw Mexican-American War and Manifest Destiny.

Who was John Quincy Adams?

6th U.S. President; supported infrastructure and education; opposed slavery expansion.

Who was William Henry Harrison?

9th U.S. President; died after one month in office.

Who was Martin Van Buren?

8th U.S. President; Jackson’s ally; faced Panic of 1837.

Who was John Tyler?

10th U.S. President; annexed Texas; opposed much of his own party’s agenda.

Who was George Washington?

1st U.S. President; set precedents for the office; warned against political parties.

Who was James Monroe?

5th U.S. President; Era of Good Feelings; issued Monroe Doctrine.

Who was James Madison?

4th U.S. President; “Father of the Constitution”; led during War of 1812.

Who was Andrew Jackson?

7th U.S. President; champion of the “common man”; controversial policies like the Indian Removal Act.

Who was Thomas Jefferson?

3rd U.S. President; author of Declaration of Independence; Louisiana Purchase.

Who was Zachary Taylor?

12th U.S. President; Mexican-American War hero; died early in presidency.

How democratic was Andrew Jackson?

He expanded democracy for white men by removing property requirements, but limited rights for others.