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1870 Elementary Education Act
First state-funded elementary schools; ended church control
1880 Education Act
Compulsory attendance ages 5-13; class-based curriculum
1944 Tripartite System
Grammar/Secondary Modern/Technical; 11+ selection; favoured middle-class
1965 Comprehensive System
Non-selective; catchment areas; broader curriculum; 11+ optional
1988 Education Reform Act
Marketisation: National Curriculum, league tables, SATs, Ofsted
1998 Tuition Fees
Replaced grants; £3k+ fees; discouraged working-class from HE
2010 Academies Act
State/faith schools convert to academies; private sponsors; own curriculum
1999 EMA
Cash for post-16 low-income students to stay in education
1999 Sure Start
Early intervention: childcare, parenting support, healthcare in poor areas
1999 EiC
Replaced EAZs; targeted support in urban schools
2001 City Academies
Replace failing inner-city schools; private/voluntary sponsors
2004 AimHigher
Increase uni access for working-class & ethnic minority students
2007 Young Gifted & Talented
Stretch most able students from underrepresented backgrounds
2010 Free Schools
Parents/charities/religious groups run state-funded schools; fees £3k→£9k
2011 Scrap EMA/AimHigher
Cut support for post-16 & HE access; working-class hit hardest
2014 Pupil Premium
Extra funding per FSM pupil; close attainment gap
2016 Replace Grants with Loans
Higher debt burden; deterred working-class from uni
2020 T-levels
Vocational qualifications; skills-based education alternative to A-levels
UK Unis Abroad
Nottingham, etc. open campuses in China, Singapore, Russia
Exam Boards Global
Edexcel, AQA sell GCSEs/A-levels in 160+ countries
UK Students Study Abroad
Netherlands, Germany, USA; lower fees, English-taught courses
Ball, Bowe & Gewirtz (1994)
Marketisation reinforced middle-class advantage
Ball (2007)
Education commodified; "education for profit"; rise of ESI
Chitty (2014)
PFI more expensive than planned; undermined New Right efficiency claim
EPAs (1967)
Extra funding/resources in deprived areas; pre-EAZ compensatory ed
1984 GIST & WISE
Policies to tackle gender gaps in STEM; encourage girls into science/tech
1986 Coursework GCSEs
Favoured girls' continuous learning styles; improved girls' grades
Tomlinson (2005)
More working-class in uni BUT inequality widened (middle-class rose faster)
Gillborn (2008)
Marketisation reinforced ethnic inequality; middle-class White parents navigated choice better