types of fractures chapter 6

closed fracture

a simple fracture having no open wounds

colles fracture

fracture of the distal end of the radius along with backward displacement of the hand

comminuted fracture

fracture in which the bone is crushed or broken into multiple segments

compression fracture

caused by applying force from both ends

greenstick fracture

one side of the bone is bent, and other side is broken

impacted fracture

one segment of broken bone is driven into the other

Pott Fracture

fracture fo the distal end of the fibula

spiral fracture

fracture remains in a spiral or S shape

Transverse Fracture

fracture at right angle to the long axis of the bone

athrocentesis

puncture of a joint to withdraw fluid, done to obtain a sample of synovial fluid for making a diagnosis

arthroclasia

process of breaking pathological adhesions in ankylosis

arthroplasty

the surgical repair of a diseased or painful joint and its restoration to mobility by reconstruction or repair

Arthroscopy

visualization and examination of a joint with the use of an endoscope through a small incision

Bone Densitometry

the method of determining the density and mass of the bone by the measurement of absorption of radiation by the skeleton

bone graft

the transplantation of the bone from one part of the body to another part for repairing a skeletal defect

bone scan

a method for visualizing the bone using an image produced by the emission of radiopaque particles

bursectomy

excision of a bursa

corpectomy

the excision of all carpal bones

chondrectomy

the excision of cartilage

chondroplasty

the surgical process of repairing cartilage

chvostek sign

a clinical finding where there is a spasm of facial muscles after a tap over the facial nerve, usually occurs due to hypocalcemia

cranioplasty

surgical process of repairing the skull

costectomy

means excision of a rib

craniotomy

surgical creation of an opening into the skull

dual-energy absorptiometry

a method of measuring bone density by using two low dose X-ray beams at different levels for producing an image

electromyography

process of measuring the action potential of muscle

goniometer

device for measuring joint angles and movements

iontophoresis

the process of introduction into the tissue by means of electric current

Laminectomy

the excision of vertebral lamina

maxilotomy

surgical reception of the maxilla

meniscectomy

stands for excision of a meniscus

myoplasty

surgical repair of muscle tissue

Myelogram

the radiopaque imaging of the spinal canal following a radiopaque dye, used for evaluating a herniated disk

myorrhaphy

suturing of a muscle

open reduction internal fixation

surgical procedure repairing a fracture by making an incision into the skin and muscle at the site of the fracture and manually placing the bones into the right place with surgical wires, screws, rods, or plates

ostectomy

excision of a bone

osteoclasis

process of intentional fracturing of the bone for correcting a deformity

orthosis

means external orthopedic device

patellectomy

the process of excision of the kneecap or patella

phallengectomy

excision of one or more phalanges (bones of fingers) of the hand or foot

percutaneous discectomy

the procedure of excision of the intervertebral disk through the skin

prosthesis

replacement of the natural body part, such as limb, joint, etc. by an artificial part

reduction

the process of placing a body part in its original location, ex. reducing a fracture

spondylosyndesis

the surgical process of creating a fusion between intervertebral joints, also known as spinal fusion

synovectomy

the excision of a synovial membrane

tarsectomy

the process of excising part or all of the tarsal bones

tenorrhaphy

stuturing the terminal ends of a tendon

traction

the pulling action or force exerted on a limb for maintain its desired position

trousseau sign

a clinical finding associated with latent tetany where there are spasmodic contractions caused by pressing the nerve supplying the muscle, usually occurs in tetany

atonia

the lack of normal tone of the muscle

achondroplasia

stands for deceased growth of cartilage of long bones resulting in dwarfism

ankylosing spondylitis

a clinical condition characterized by inflammation of the spine

arthrochondritis

the inflammation of articular cartilage

asterixis

a motor disorder characterized by an inability to maintain a position resulting in rapid, jerky movements,, especially of the hands

atrophy

means a decrease of muscle mass due to lack of activity or any neurological disorder

baker cyst

fluid filled mass formed at the back of the knee due to distention of the bursa resulting from chronic irritation

bradykinesia

the slowness of movement due to any clinical condition

bunion

swelling at the metatarsophalangeal joint due to bursitis

bursolith

the formation of stone in a bursa

bursitis

the inflammation of a bursa characterized by pain and mobility in the joint

carpoptosis

paralysis of wrist and finger

chondromalacia

the softening of cartilage

chondrosarcoma

a malignant tumor of the cartilage

chondroma

a benign tumor of cartilage

cranioschisis

congenital failure of closure of the skull

carpal tunnel syndrome

a clinical condition characterized by severe pain in the wrist due to compression of the median nerve

clonus

the involuntary muscle contractions in rapid succession due to increased reflex activity

contracture

permanent flexion of a joint due to atrophy or shortening of muscle fibers

dermatomyositis

the inflammation of muscle along with skin characterized by skin rashes

dislocation

displacement of a bone from its original position

dyskinesia

difficulty performing voluntary movement

Ewing tumor

a bone tumor occurring in children 5-15 years of age beginning in the legs and gradually spreading to other bones,

exostosis

benign bony projection developing from cartilage

fasciculation

the twitching of muscle fiber groups

fibromyalgia

a condition characterized by pain, spasms, stiffness, and fatigue of the musculoskeletal system

flaccid muscles

weak, flabby muscles without tone

Giant cell tumor

a bone tumor occurring in children and young adults, usually at the end of the bones, commonly at the knee but does not usually metastasize

gout

a severe clinical condition characterized by pain in joints due to the deposition of uric acid crystal in connective tissue articular cartilage

Hammer Toe

an abnormal change in position of the toe joints resting in a claw-like appearance, causing pain and irritation during walking

hallux valgus

a common foot deformity in which the first metatarsophalangeal joint is affected and undergoes lateral displacement

Heberden nodes

hard, small nodules formed in the cartilage of the distal finger joints in osteoarthritis

hemarthrosis

bleeding into a joint cavity

herniated disk

protrusion of the intervertebral disk

hyperkinesia

the condition of excessive muscular movement