Endocrine Signaling: Hormones, Receptors, and Functions

Insulin

pancreas b cells peptide RTK on many surfaces glucose uptake

Glucagon

pancreas a cells peptide GPCR on liver and adipose glucose release

Epinephrine

adrenal medulla from tyrosine GPCR on many tissues energy mobilization

GLP-1

gut peptide GPCR on pancreas b cells insulin release

TNF-alpha

immune cells peptide TNF trimers cell death or survival

acetycholine

nervous system neurotransmitter ligand-gated ion channel contraction

cortisol

adrenal cortex sterol nuclear decreased inflammation

aldosterone

adrenal cortex sterol nuclear kidney sodium retention

T3 T4

thyroid from tyrosine nuclear increased metabolic rates

TSH

anterior pituitary peptide GPCR on thyroid T3, T4 excretion

Vasopressin (ADH)

posterior pituitary peptide GPCR on kidney and vessels water retention

hGH

anterior pituitary peptide specialized IGF-1 release

IGF-1

liver peptide RTK on bone and muscle growth

melatonin

pineal gland from tryptophan GPCR in hypothalamus circadian rhythm

leptin

adipose peptide RTK in hypothalamus fat storage

testosterone

testes+ sterol nuclear male traits

estradiol

ovaries+ sterol nuclear female traits