Exam 1 Material

chs. 1, 7,

What is anatomy and its 3 subdivisions?

The structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Includes gross anatomy (visible to eye), systemic anatomy (organ systems), and surface anatomy (structures on bones)

What is physiology and its 3 subdivisions?

The study of body functions and how they carry out activities. Includes pathophysiology (disease), cell physiology (organelles), and systems.

What is the functional organization of the body from smallest to largest?

Chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, complete organism

What is an organelle?

A structure in a cell with a very specific function

What is a cell?

The smallest unit of life

What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells performing a function

What is an organ?

2 or more separate tissues

What is an organ system?

Multiple organs working together to complete one or various major body roles

What is a complete organism?

an individual living thing

What are the major organ systems? (hint 11)

• integumentary

• skeletal

• muscular

• nervous

• endocrine

• cardiovascular

• lymphatic

• respiratory

• digestive

• urinary

• reproductive

Explain integumentary system (organs and function)

Consists of hair, skin, nails, and sweat glands. Functions to protect against external environment, regulate body temp, prevent water loss

Skeletal system info?

Consists of bones, cartilages, and joints. Functions to provide protection/support, allows for body movement, forms blood cells, and stores minerals.

Muscular system info?

Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton. Produces body movements, maintains posture/support, produces body heat.

Nervous system info?

Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors. Roles include controlling movement, intellectual function, detecting and interpreting sensory info.

Endocrine system explained?

Consists of glands which secrete hormones, such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, gonads. Roles include metabolic activity, influencing growth, and directing reproduction.

Cardiovascular system explained?

Consists of heart, blood, blood vessels. Functions to transport nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones; regulates body temp; role in immunity (lymphocytes).

Lymphatic system explained?

Consists of lymph nodes and vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils. Functions to remove foreign material from body, defend against disease, maintain tissue fluid balance.

Respiratory system explained?

Consists of lungs and respiratory passages (alveoli=site of gas exchange). Functions to regulate blood pH, provide oxygen to blood, remove CO2, produces sounds for communication, delivers air to alveoli.

Digestive system explained?

Consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder. Functions to mechanically and chemically digest food, absorb nutrients and water, eliminate waste.

Urinary system explained?

Consists of kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra. Functions to remove waste products from blood/body, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH, controls water balance and hydration

Female reproductive system explained?

Consists of ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands. Functions to produce oocytes (immature eggs), produces hormones, site of fertilization and fetal development.

Male reproductive system explained?

Consists of testes, seminal vesicles, epididymis, and penis. Functions to produce sperm cells and hormones.

Define homeostasis and its main role.

The existence and maintenance of a constant bodily environment (balance) despite external changes. The goal is to regulate a variable to avoid change in the body.

What are the 3 components of homeostasis and roles?

1. Receptor: responds to stimuli and monitors a variable.

2. Control center: determines setpoint

3. Effector: control center’s response to the stimulus

What is negative feedback and relation to homeostasis?

Occurs when a variable is out of normal range and works to de-escalate it or reverse the impact. Maintains the original set point values for something (ex. glucose and insulin).

What is positive feedback?

“Cascades” that enhance the stimulus in the same direction until acted upon or stopped, like oxytocin production during delivery.

Example of positive feedback being harmful?

Too many platelets released during bleeding can cause a blood clot from over-coaggulating.

Superior vs inferior

On top/above vs below

Cephalic vs caudal

Towards head vs towards trunk/tail

Anterior vs posterior

Front vs back

Ventral vs dorsal (humans)

Ventral is front, dorsal is back

Ventral vs dorsal (animals)

Ventral is back, dorsal is front

Proximal vs distal

Closer to point of attachment vs farther

Medial vs lateral

Closer to the midline of body vs farther to side

Superficial vs deep

Closer to skin surface vs farther

Prone vs supine

When the anterior surface is down vs when it is up

Midsagittal plane

Splits body directly in half vertically (right and left sides)

Transverse plane

Splits body in half horizontally (top and bottom halves)

Parasagittal plane

Vertical line dividing body into unequal left and right sides

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions (top to bottom, L to R)

Right hypochondriac (meaning ribcage) region, epigastric, left hypochondriac

Right lumbar, umbilical/gastric, left lumbar

Right iliac/inguinal, hypogastric, left iliac/inguinal

Where is simple squamous tissue located?

Alveoli of lungs, lining of blood and heart vessels, lymphatic vessels, kidney glomerulus

What are the functions of simple squamous tissue?

Diffusion (oxygen and carbon dioxide), filtration, secretion

Where is simple cuboidal tissue located?

Kidney tubules, ducts, secretory parts of glands (ex. thyroid)

What is the function of simple cuboidal tissue?

Absorption and secretion

Location and function of nonciliated simple columnar*?

Lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder; absorption

*has microvilli instead of cilia

Location and function of ciliated simple columnar?

Found in small bronchi and uterine tubes; works for locomotion/movement

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar location and function?

Trachea, upper respiratory tract; works to secrete mucus onto free surfaces and move foreign particles

Nonciliated pseudostratified columnar location and function?

• lines epididymis, male urethra, ducts of large glands

• works for secretion

Stratified squamous location and function?

• vagina, anus, skin, throat, mouth, larynx, esophagus (anything w/ holes)

• works to protect against infection and abrasion

Stratified cuboidal location and function?

• sweat glands, esophageal glands, male urethra, ovary (mainly glands)

• protection and secretion

Stratified columnar location and function?

• found in male urethra, pharynx, esophagus gland

• works to protect and secrete

Transitional epithelium location and function?

• lines urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra

• functions to permit expansion and recoil after stretching

• appears squamous when expanded, cuboidal when relaxed

What are desmosomes and their function?

Elastic structures that every cell has, allows for binding adjacent cells together

What is the function of cell connections?

Besides binding, to form a permeability barrier and allow for intercellular communications

Tight vs gap junctions?

• tight: prevents molecules from passing thru extracellular space

• gap: allows for intercellular comms/electrical signals (found in heart)

Common traits of epithelial tissue?

Made up of all cells, covers surfaces, has an apical and basal surface

Functional characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Provides secure attachment, avascular (lacking direct blood flow), good nerve supply, high mitotic rate

What are functions of epithelial cells?

Protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, transportation, sensory reception

Classification of epithelium?

• simple or stratified: single or multi-layered

• squamous (scale), cuboidal (oval), or columnar (rectangle)

Microvilli versus cilia?

Microvilli increase surface area for absorption and usually move things IN; cilia move things OUT and generate flow

What are the four types of tissues?

Muscular, nervous, connective, epithelial