References and Citations in Scientific Writing

References

- Is the information that is necessary to the reader in identifying and finding used sources
- Traceability of information
- The basic rule when listing the sources used is that references must be accurate, complete and should be consistently applied.

Citation

- Means that you show, within the body of your text, that you took words, ideas, figures, images, etc. from another place.
- Citations are a short way to uniquely identify a published work (e.g. book, article, chapter, web site).They are found in bibliographies and reference lists and are also collected in article and book databases.

- author name(s)
- titles of books, articles, and journals
- date of publication
- page numbers
- volume and issue numbers (for articles)

Citations consist of standard elements, and contain all the information necessary to identify and track down publications, including:

Citation Style

Dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting.

APA
MLA
Chicago/ Turabian

Citation Style

American Psychological Association (APA)

Citation Style
- is used by Education, Psychology, and Science

Modern Language Association (MLA)

Citation Style
- style is used by the Humanities

Chicago/ Turabian

Citation Style
- style is generally used by Business, History

Langer, R. New Methods of Drug Delivery. Science 1990, 249, 1527-1533.

Citation Style
Example of American Chemical Society (ACS)

R. Langer, "New Methods of Drug Delivery," Science, vol. 249, pp. 1527-1533, SEP 28, 1990.

Citation Style
Example of IEEE

Langer, R. (1990). New methods of drug delivery. Science, 249(4976), 1527-1533.

Citation Style
Example of American Psychological Association (APA)

Langer, R. "New Methods of Drug Delivery." Science 249.4976 (1990): 1527-33.

Citation Style
Example of Modern Language Association (MLA)

1. Initials are separated and ended by a period
e.g. Mitchell, J.A.

2. Multiple authors are separated by commas and an ampersand
e.g. Mitchell, J.A., Thomson, M., & Coyne, R.

3. Multiple authors with the same surname and initial: add their name in square brackets
e.g. Mendeley, J. [James].

Core Components of an APA Reference
Author Rules

- Date refers to date of publishing.
- If the date is unknown, ‘n.d’ is used in its place
e.g. Mendeley, J.A. (n.d)

Core Components of an APA Reference
Date Rules

1. If in the US: the city and two letter state code must be stated
e.g. San Francisco, CA

2. If not in the US: the city and country must be stated
e.g. Sydney, Australia

Core Components of an APA Reference
Publisher Rules

The format of this changes depending on what is being referenced.

Core Components of an APA Reference
Title

Author’s surname, initial(s). (Date Published). Title of source. Location of publisher: publisher. Retrieved from URL

Core Components of an APA Reference

- Be on a new page at the end of the document
- Be centered
- Be alphabetically by name of first author (or title if the author isn’t known, in this case a, an and the should be ignored)
- If there are multiple works by the same author these are ordered by date, if the works are in the same year they are ordered alphabetically by the title and are allocated a letter (a,b,c etc) after the date

A reference list is a complete list of references used in a piece of writing including the author name, date of publication, title and more. An APA reference list must

- Surname of the Author
- Date of Publication

APA Referencing Basics:
In-text citations within the main body of the text and refer to a direct quote or paraphrase. They correspond to a reference list. These citations include the:

Mitchell (2017) states.. Or.. (Mitchell, 2017)

APA Referencing Basics:
Example of In- text Citation

(Mitchell, 2017, p. 104)

Example of Direct Quote

Direct Quote
Parenthetical

Two Types of In-Text Citation

Mitchell and Smith (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell & Smith, 2017)

APA Referencing Basics:
Two Authors

Mitchell, Smith, and Thomson (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell, Smith, & Thomson, 2017)

APA Referencing Basics:
Three, Four, or Five Authors (First Cite)

Mitchell et al (2017) state… Or …(Mitchell et al, 2017)

APA Referencing Basics:
Three, Four, or Five Authors (Further Cite)

Only the first author’s surname should be stated followed by et al, see the above example.

APA Referencing Basics:
Six or More Authors

If the author is unknown, the first few words of the reference should be used. This is usually the title of the source

APA Referencing Basics:
No Author

(A guide to citation, 2017)

APA Referencing Basics:
No Author
If this is the title of a book, periodical, brochure or report.

(“APA Citation”, 2017)

APA Referencing Basics:
No Author
If this is the title of an article, chapter or web page.

(Mitchell, 2017a) Or (Mitchell, 2017b)

APA Referencing Basics:
Citing Authors with Multiple Works from One Year (Example)

Mitchell (2007, 2013, 2017) Or (Mitchell, 2007, 2013, 2017)

APA Referencing Basics:
Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses
Same Author (Example)

(Mitchell & Smith 2017; Thomson, Coyne, & Davis, 2015)

APA Referencing Basics:
Citing Multiple Works in One Parentheses
Multiple Author (Example)

(International Citation Association, 2015)

APA Referencing Basics:
Citing a Group or Organization:
First Cite (Example)

(Citation Association, 2015)

APA Referencing Basics:
Citing a Group or Organization:
Further Cite (Example)

Lorde (1980) as cited in Mitchell (2017) Or (Lorde, 1980, as cited in Mitchell, 2017)

APA Referencing Basics:
Citing a Secondary Source (Example)

Citing Different Source Types:

How to Cite a Book (Title, not chapter)

Citing Different Source Types:

How to Cite an Edited Book

Citing Different Source Types:

How to Cite an E-book

Citing Different Source Types:

How to Cite an E-book

Citing Different Source Types:

How to Cite a Journal Article in Print or Online

Citing Different Source Types:

How to Cite a Newspaper Articles in Print or Online

Citing Different Source Types:

How to Cite a Website