PAC- degrees of freedom

degrees of freedom

the number of parameters that are free to vary to generate an action (e.g. multiple ways of reaching)

motor redundancy problem

all other possibilities become redundant when one of the options is chosen

Nikolai Bernstein

first person to come up with multiple degrees of freedom

rosenbaum nose touching

everyone has the same spatial path and timing of the task when doing action (underlying principle about the way we move)

motor equivalence

underlying pattern when writing sentence with hands, teeth, feet (motor program not specific to thing manipulating)

coupling

reducing the action space by choosing simpler solution to more complex solution

Von Hoist (1939)

oscillation of dorsal fin changes when pectoral fins oscillate, same for human right and left arm

synergies

the point when lips meet when saying APA repetitively varies (shows the lips are coupled)

coupling context dependency

even if the same psychological thing is happening the response from the body varies on the action (cat)

Schmidt et al. (1990)

synergies between people- if one ppt moves their leg in specific way other ppt does the same thing

mechanical coupling

physical coupling in the environment

Christiaan Huygens

pendulums placed in new environments end up oscillating at the same frequency

Alexander (1984)

body chooses most energy efficient thing which limits the degrees of freedom (certain point becomes easier to run than walk)

Michael Tuvey (1987)

moving a stick with one hand influences the stick in the other hand (physical constraint in action probabilities)

prefex

instantaneous action (unlike reflex has reaction of 0)

passive robotics system

non electronic systems using forces generated from interaction to propel forward

poor monkey

differentiated monkey hits the target despite no cues from the environment (shows the body relies on physical mechanical constraints)

Emilio Bizzi- frogs

decapitated frogs limb always tries to go in certain direction when certain area of the spinal chord is electrically stimulated (equifinality)

vector summation

combining billions of neurons that code for diff things results in whatever movement wanted

equilibrium point Feldmen & Latesh

pps couldn’t remain in the same position after robot arm turned off (suggests equilibrium point where forces are positioned to balance things out)

Cohen & Rosenbaum (2004)- grasp height effect

the height of the target increases the point at which the object is grasped decreases

Rosenbaum et al. (2014)- second order grasping

knowing the end goal simplifies the computations (choose something more difficult in the ST to help in the LT)

Lisa Fournier (2018)- precrastination

ppl extend additional energy to make the task cognitively easier (reducing mental load)