Year 9 History - World War I

When did World War I begin?

4th August 1914 (when Britain entered the war)

What types of wars were World War I before it became WWI, and between who?

1. Regional war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia

2. Continental war when other great European powers became involved

3. WWI when Britain (and Australia) became involved

What does the name 'Central Powers' refer to?

It refers to the geographical location of the two original members of the alliance, Germany and Austria-Hungary. They were later joined by Turkey.

What empire is now called Turkey?

Ottoman Empire

Who were the Allies?

Russia, France, Great Britain (and its empire including Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa), Belgium, Luxembourg, Serbia and Montenegro.

Who joined the Allies later?

Italy, Romania, Portugal and Greece

Why did non-European nations join the war?

Either they saw it as a threat or as an opportunity to expand their influence and territory.

When did Japan join the war?

1914

When did USA join the war?

1917

When did China join the war?

1917

When did the war end?

11th November 1918, at 11 am

What ended the war?

An armistice was signed to cease fire and to bring the war to an end.

Were tanks used in WWI?

Yes

Were planes used in WWI?

Yes

When did Australia land in Gallipoli (ANZAC day)?

25 April 1915

What are 3 examples of chemical weapons used in WWI?

Chlorine, phosgene (a choking agent) and mustard gas (which inflicts painful burns on the skin).

Who was Simpson and why was he famous in Australian war history?

John Simpson Kirkpatrick was a medic at Gallipoli was probably the first person to use a donkey to carry the wounded from Monash Valley down to Anzac Cove.

How did Australian women contribute to the war effort in WWI?

- women could get sent away in Australia or overseas to become nurses, and mostly amputate limbs of the soldiers. - - women knitted, baked and fund-raised.

What oceans and seas were battles fought in? (4)

Pacific ocean, Atlantic ocean, Indian ocean, and the Mediteranean Sea

What were the main battle areas? (8)

The western front, eastern front, China, Iraq, South Africa, and the Marianas, Caroline and Marshalls islands.

What are 5 reasons why WWI was a significant war?

- world's first international war

- first to use modern weaponry

- caused unprecedented mass destruction (9-15 million)

- responsible for World War II

- most costly conflict for Australia (60,000)

What was the trigger of WWI?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

When was the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austraia-Hungary killed?

28 June 1914

Why was Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary killed?

The archduke was inspecting the army in Sarajevo, which had been overtaken by Austria-Hungary, when the Chief of Serbian Military Intelligence, Colonel 'Apis' (aka. the Bee) put together a group called the Black Hand who assassinated him (after failed attempts) while he was en route to the City Hall, killing him and his wife.

While the Archduke's assassination was the trigger of WWI, what were the 4 long-term causes?

Militarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

How was militarism an underlying cause of the war?

Militarism:

- a competition to build up weapons

- government's attitude of mind

- seeing war as a valid means of enacting foreign policy

And in those times, all the nations in Europe were militaristic, especially the governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary.

How were the alliances an underlying cause of the war?

Alliances:

- associations between nations for mutual benefits

- while the countries thought the alliance system would stop war (as they were more protected), it actually tied the countries together so when one went to war, so did the other

How was imperialism an underlying cause of the war?

Imperialism:

- policy of extending rule to other lands

- nations that believed they were superior and conquered and ruled countries with "inferior" races

How was nationalism an underlying cause of the war?

Nationalism:

- devotion and loyalty to one's nation

- made countries believe they were superior -> made them assertive and aggressive

- made ethnic groups wanting to free themselves, strive to achieve a nation

What was the Triple Alliance and when did the alliance form?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in 1882 (Central Powers)

What was the Triple Entente and when did the alliance form?

France, Britain, Russia in 1907

How did the war between Serbia and Austria create a chain reaction, involving the rest of the world?

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand gave Austria the opportunity to declare war against Serbia. Russian mobilisation (July 30) was followed by German mobilisation. Germany declared war on Russia (August 1) and on France (August 3). The German ultimatum to Belgium, demanding free passage for German troops through Belgium, brought in Britain on August 4, 1914.

What are 4 reasons why Australia joined the war?

- most Australians had a deep connection to Britain due to the fact that most were of British descent

- the isolation made the connection stronger as the Mother Country would protect her children if they were in danger, so Australia would show the same

- Australia was proud of their British heritage and were keen to re-create Britain

- Australia had trade links with Britain

What does the AIF stand for?

Australian Imperial Force

Who were a part of the AIF?

Men who were all volunteers.

In August, 1914, how many soldiers did Australia promise Britain?

20 000 soldiers.

How many soldiers ended up being enlisted in the war in December 1914?

50 000 soldiers.

What are 8 reasons why men signed up for the war?

1. Adventure

2. Mateship

3. Money

4. Loyalty/patriotism

5. Duty/family honour

6. Allied confidence

7. Shame

8. Escape

Why did men sign up for the war for adventure?

Most Australians could not afford travel overseas or exotic locations, so the war was a good reason to go travel.

Why did men sign up for the war due to mateship?

Groups of friends would join up together, and some were pressured into from friends.

Why did men sign up for the war for money?

Soldiers were paid 6 shillings a day, which was the average male wage, and was better than getting none in some cases.

Why did men sign up for the war due to loyalty/patriotism?

Soldiers wanted to fight for the King and their Mother Country.

Why did men sign up for the war for duty/family honour?

Men went to do their part, and to be "proper men".

Why did men sign up for the war with allied confidence?

There was the belief that the war would be won by Christmas 1915.

Why did men sign up for the war due to shame?

There was pressure from serving family members, as well as shame from other women and people, and the fear of being labelled a coward.

Why did men sign up for the war to escape?

Some were in unfortunate domestic situations and were keen to escape that.

What are 7 reasons why men did not sign up for the war?

1. Too young/old

2. Medically unfit

3. Too short

4. Employed in an essential service

5. Family ties

6. Opposed to war

7. Fear

What age was too young and too old to sign up for war?

under 18 or over 45

What are 3 examples of medically unfit so that you couldn't go to war?

Flat feet, bad feet, poor eyesight.

What was the requirement of how tall you had to be to go to war?

Had to be 168 cm (5"6") or taller. In 1917, reduced to 152 cm (5").

How many men from Australia were enlisted in 1914?

52 561

How many men from Australia were enlisted in 1915?

165 912

How many men from Australia were enlisted in 1916?

124 352

How many men from Australia were enlisted in 1917?

45 101

How many men from Australia were enlisted in 1918?

28 883

In total, how many Australian soldiers enlisted from 1914-1918?

416 809

When did recruitments peak?

July 1915

How did the newspapers play a big part of the recruitment process?

They would put propaganda in their newspapers, attempting to recruit the men. Examples of the propaganda were 'lost love letters', recruitment cards etc.

What is propaganda?

Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicise a particular political cause or point of view.

What does TADPOLE mean?

Type

Author & Audience

Date

Purpose

Opinion or fact

Language

Evidence

What makes up the T in TADPOLE?

Type

- what is the source type (primary/secondary)?

- what genre (diary, political cartoon etc.)?

- How does the source genre affect its reliabilty?

What makes up the A in TADPOLE?

Author & Audience

- does the author have a specialised knowledge of the subject matter?

- what was the author's social position or authority?

- how well situated was the author to observe or record the event in question?

- does the author have a particular perspective on the topic?

- How does your understanding of the author affect the reliability of the source?

What makes up the D in TADPOLE?

Date:

- does the time of writing clarify or cloud the views?

- what is the significance of the date in relation to significant events?

- How might the date of the source affect its reliability?

What makes up the P in TADPOLE?

Purpose

- is there a specific purpose behind the source?

- does this source seek to persuade, inform, entertain, watn, criticise, degenerate etc...?

- might there be a 'hidden agenda' behind the scource?

- How might the purpose of this source affect its reliability?

What makes up the O in TADPOLE?

Opinion or Fact

- is the content of the source factual or opinionated? Provide evidence.

- are claims made in the source supported by factual details?

- does the source provide a balanced view? Explain.

- Does the content contained in the source affect its reliability?

What makes up the L in TADPOLE?

Language

- are the words used emotive/loaded, neutral/straightforward...?

- how are you positioned by the use of language?

- How does the language used affect its reliability?

What makes up the E in TADPOLE?

Evidence

- does the source provide detailed examples to support its claim? Provide examples.

- is the source supported by other sources and your prior knowledge of the topic (corroboration)? How? Provide details.

- If the source uses examples and its supported by a range of other sources, is it reliability enhanced?

What causes change in perspective?

- age/maturity

- status/role/authority

- profession

- culture/country/nationality

- political affiliation

- poor vs rich

- upbringing - norms & morals

- religion

Where was Australia's 4 main involvements in the war?

- in the Pacific (Oct-Nov 1914)

- Gallipoli (Apr-Dec 1915)

- Western front (1916-1918)

- Middle East (1916-1918)

From October to November 1914, how was Australia involved in the war?

The Australian Naval and the Military Expeditionary Force took possession of German New Guinea and the neighbouring island, Bismarck Archipelago in October 1914. In November, the Royal Australian Navy made an important contribution to the war when HMAS Sydney destroyed the German raider SMS Emden off the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The Emden had sank or captured 23 vessels and disrupted trade over a wide area of the Indian Ocean.

When did the first convoy of Australian troops leave for war to Egypt?

They left from Albany, Western Australia, on 1 November 1914, and arrived in Egypt for training on 3 December.

At the training camp in Egypt, what was the camp called, and where specifically was it located?

It was called Camp Mena, and was about 16 kilometres from Cairo, the capital of Egypt. The Giza pyramids could be seen from the camp.

How many soldiers were at Mena Camp and for how long?

At its peak there were around 25, 000 soldiers, and they each stayed at the camp for 4 months.

What does ANZAC stand for?

Australian and New Zealand Army Corps

When did the Australian troops join with the New Zealand Brigade?

When they were in Egypt.

Who was in charge of the ANZACs in Egypt?

British general, Sir William Birdwood.

When most of the Australian troops were fighting on the Western Front, what was happening?

Throughout 1916 and 1917, most Australian troops fought on the Western Front which stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border along Germany's western border with Belgium and France. Losses on the Western Front were heavy and gains were small. In 1918 the Australians reached the peak of their fighting performance in the Battle of Hamel (in France) on 4 July. From 8 August they then took part in a series of decisive advances until Germany surrendered on 11 November 1918.

What happened in the Middle East with the Australian troops?

The Middle East campaign began in 1916 with Australian troops participating in the defence of the Suez Canal (a strategic body of water) and the allied reconquest of the Sinai Peninsula. In the following year Australian and other allied troops advanced into Palestine and captured Gaza and Jerusalem. The most famous battle was the Battle of Beersheba in October 1917, where the Australian Light Horse made a cavalry charge across about 9.5 km of open desert, and successfully overran the Turkish defences. By 1918 the Allies had occupied Lebanon and Syria. On 30 October 1918, Turkey sued for peace.

What did the Australian soldiers do in Egypt?

They learnt how to fight in Egypt - training in open warfare, drilling with horses, field guns and working in formation. In their spare time, they travelled into Cairo, visiting its bazaars, brothels and cafes.

What was the significance of fighting in Gallipoli?

People believed it provided the nation with an opportunity to forge its national identity and establish its international status.

Where is Gallipoli?

Where is the Western front?

Where is the Eastern front?

What allies did the countries have, shown on a map?

When did the alliance between Italy and Austria-Hungary happen?

1882

When did the alliance between Italy and Germany happen?

1882

When did the alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary happen?

1879

When did the alliance between the Ottoman Empire and Germany happen?

1914

When did the alliance between Russia and France happen?

1894

When did the alliance between Russia and Britain happen?

1907

When did the alliance between France and Britain happen?

1904

What did the Gallipoli campaign aim to do?

It intended to force Germany's ally, Turkey, out of the war.

What did the Gallipoli campaign begin with?

It began as a naval campaign where the Allies were planning to sail to and attack Constantinople and make Turkey surrender.

What waterways were the Allies planning on using to get to Constantinople?

They wanted to sail their war ships through the Dardanelle Strait from the Aegean Sea into the Sea of Marmara where they would then attack Constantinople.

In the Allies plan to attack Constantinople, what was meant to happen afterwards?

Supply ships could sail into the Black Sea and could provide Russia with supplies and weapons, to help keep the war going against Austria-Hungary and Germany on the Eastern Front. This would mean the Germans would not be able to send all its troops to the Western Front.

Why did the naval campaign before Gallipoli fail?

They were unable to force their way through the Dardanelle Strait, a third of the battleships being sunk or disabled on a single day (18 March 1915).

What was the plan for the Gallipoli campaign once the naval campaign failed?

The plan was for the British troops to invade and occupy the Gallipoli peninsula, and then from there, advancing north from Cape Helles on the 25th April. The French would mount a diversionary attack in Asia Minor at Kumkale. Then the ANZACs would mount an invasion force on the western coast, north of Gaba Tepe, to take control of the high ground. Then, the British and the ANZACs would eliminate the Turkish land and open up the Darnelles for the passage of the navy.

Why is the Gallipoli campaign significant in Australian history?

The battle is widely regarded as the foundation legend of Australian military history and as a large symbol of the birth of a nation.

How did the physical features of Gallipoli make it harder for the Allies to fight?

The ground was rocky, treacherous, and nothing like their training in Egypt.

Where were the seven landings at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915?

Six on the Gallipoli peninsula by the ANZACs and British troops, and one at Kumkale by the French