United States History and Government World War II

Allied Powers

• Great Britain (Neville Chamberlain—Winston Churchill)

• Soviet Union (Josef Stalin)

• United States (Franklin Roosevelt—Harry Truman

• France (various)

Axis Powers

• Germany (Adolf Hitler)—> democratically elected

• Italy (Benito Mussolini)—> dictator of Italy, took total control, Hitler admirer

• Japan (Emperor Hirohito)—> living god and government, no surrender, allow to remain emperor if they stand down

Italy under Benito Mussolini invade ___ and ___

• Ethiopia

• Albania

Japan under the Emperor and his military leaders seized ___ and attacked ___ and ___

• Manchuria

• China

• U.S naval vessel (the U.S.S Panay) on a river in China

Germanys aggressive movements

1936- recaptured the German Rhineland

1938- invaded and annexed Austria

1938- threatened to invade the Sudetenland (Hitler meets with British Prime Neville Chamberlain and the two leaders sign the Munich Pact. Hitler is granted the land while promising not to take any more land)

1939- Germany seizes the rest of Czechoslovakia (breaking the Munich Pact)

1939- September 1st Germany invades Poland

1939- September 3rd Great Britain and France declare war on Germany

1940- April, Germany invades Denmark and Norway

1940- May, Germany invades the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg

1940- June, Germany takes France

1940- In late summer and early fall, Germany begins to attack Great Britain (Begins the Battle of Britain/Operation Sea Lions)

Aryans/Master Race

German or Germanic dissent

blonde, blue eyes, fittest and fastest

Beliefs of Nazis to create a master race

Mein Kampf

the book Hitler wrote

“Heil Hitler” vs “Gruss Gott”

common greeting, god be with you → to replace religion with himself

ISOLATIONISM

because…

-World War I memories

-Great Depression occupied all our attention

Neutrality Acts

because… America almost took away congresses power to declare war

1. The United States will not sell any war materials to nations at war

2. Cash and Carry (to prevent debt and ship explosions)

75% Americans polled…

wanting congressional power to declare war taken away and instead want to implement a national vote for war declarations in the future

The series of “plans”

Roosevelt and Churchill spoke daily on the phone and Churchill implored FDR to help Britain in the war effort or they will lose leaving the US to stand alone against Germany and Japan

The plans allows Britian to get the tools they need but not go against the Neutrality Acts

Plan #1- Destroyer for Bases Deal

The US gave the British 50 US navel destroyers and the British gave access to use all their navel bases around the world

• Unfair Deal- million ships and they take time to make → we would have already been allowed to use the bases

Congress goes nuts (even though it was a transaction w/out money)

Plan #2- “Private” Buisnesses

• Churchill made private companies and the US sold war materials to these companies

• Bye Bye Great Depression

• Churchill goes on the radio to call US and Britain a “dual economy”

Plan #3- Lend/Lease

lend/lease to Britain or any other Allies, war materials because Britain could not pay for them

NOT SELL (lend/lease)

how does that work for bullets and bombs?ai

mostly to the French

Homefront USA

• Japan attacked Pearl Harbor

• planned days/weeks ago

• shut down of boat radio from Japan

• “A state of war HAS existed”

• because we stopped selling steal and oil them

• Senate: 82 to 0 vote

• HOR: 388 to 1 (Jeanette Rankin a democrat from Montana)

Factories

(no choice) but to change factories, almost impossible to get new things

arsenal of democracy

nickname for Detroit Michigan → supply weapons for the US, Britain, etc. switches from car companies to make war materials

Rosie the Riveter

• 11 million men fight in WW@

• Women had to do factory jobs

• (very nervous) blue color is using hands jobs. Woman can still be feminine

• The real Rosie the Riveter is Naomi Parker Fraley

Mandatory Rationing

every family was given a monthly rationing book with coupons saying how much you could buy depending on the number in your family (chocolate and stockings were the hardest to get)

Blue Star families/ Gold Star families

Blue → one star on the front door per family member in the war to honor or help

Gold → a star for a person who has died

Anti-Japanese sentiment

• Mussolini and Hitler as cartoons

• board game

Posters/propaganda

• JAP (racism)

• do not fuck around- do not make jokes, take sick days, be late, keep your mouth shut about ship movements and war materials, grow food on back-yards

• otherwise you are helping the enemy

Executive Order #9066

• our founding fathers wanted it to be used during emergencies or trial

a decree by the president that holds the weight of a law (same as law)

• the saftey vaule is all can be challeneged by congress

• #9066: inturn all Japanese Americans. Gave 48hr and you must show up here… bring as much as you can carry. Military based houses. not tortured, beaten, or slave labor, but freedom was gone. 120,000, 2/3 born in the US. under FDR for 1.5 years

• Joe Biden (1700)

Korematsu vs. US

drafted for WW2, failed physical due to stomach issue (upset), worked on docs sending out war materials

1) lost his job

2) family sent to camps

3) brought up in supreme court

Due process: life, liberty, and property. What crime? What guilty? Unconstitutional. 6/3 against him because…

for the betterment of the country, emergency appeal outweighs unconstitutional

Two theaters

will be fought by the Allies (European Theater and Pacific Theater)

Active Defense

the plan for the Pacific Theater for the beginning of the war (defend for the first 6months while helping Europeans. Then go offensive both ways because we needed to get British off the ground)

Pacific Theater vs European Theater

Pacific Theater- heat, water, bugs, snakes

European Theater- very cold, alphs

trained for, not transferred, it was like changing a planet

December 7, 1941

Pearl Harbor

November 1942

North Africa

• clear out (operation torch)

• cut of major oil supply for Germany and Italy

• Successful

Late 1942/Early 1943

Bombing of Germany

• Night=British

  • British carpet bomb at night, but then have to fly back and make it to Britain.

• Daytime=America

  • America= pin point bombing. getting down low (which was dangerous) more men and planes to sacrifice. 70% death

• Americas began to start the damage

September 1943

Italy

• southern front/not western

• italians had helped America because they did not like Musalini

June 6, 1944

D-Day (Operation overload)

• purposly slow down and get Germany to send southern troops to clear room in the west bc we wanted to go through France

• June 4th. 200,000 and 1,000 ships go into English channel to invade France (prepared). Hitler thought America would attack Calai (Germany moved all its stuff there). America let Germany receive a fake message. Generals convinced Hitler to leave some Normandy troops, the tanks stayed in the middle. The weather was horrible. The night before the attack we dropped power troopers over the France line to divert coast attention (cancelled due to weather)

• June 6th. little clearing, new D-day. Isan Howard (super unsure). Hitler is furious and sleeps till the afternoon, servants are too afraid to wake him up. He needs to release the Pansars, he only releases some.

D-Day

easy way to call the attack day if it changes

The Beaches during D-day (operation overload)

US Beaches: Utah, Omaha (2,500 casualties. biggest)

Britain and Canadian Beaches: Juno, Sword, Goid

September 1944

Invasion of Germany- Hitler never expected

December 1944

Battle of the Bulge

• Hitlers last attempt, young/old guys vs Britain, Us, France, and Canadians

• Germanys plan is to hit in the center and then break through and go to the sides

• Bends and Bends but does not break

• 100,000 German forces die, so they have no chance

February 1945

Yalta Conference (FDR, Churchill, Stalin)- The Big 3

1. How to finish Germany

2. The countries will determine their own government

• important meeting

• FDR is really sick and almost dead

• In the Black Sea of the Soviet Union

• Countries determine their own government, to prevent Stalin from becoming a future enemy. → Stalin keeps the land which led to the cold war. he lied

Early 1945

Race for Berlin (the capital of Germany)

• Dwight D. Eisenhower (president) Supreme Allied commander

• Reasons for taking Berlin: Leadership, money, Germany scientists, lots of leadership kills themselves, Lose race on purpose because we do not want to lose all our men, unlike soviets who do not care, we start to come across camps and need to document it

April 12, 1945

FDR dies

• bought places in Georgia (hot springs) sick people camp, FDR died in the camps

• Truman becomes president

April 30, 1945

Adolf Hitler commits suicide

• FDR and Hitler were sworn in together (kionula) and died around the same time

May 7, 1945

Germany surrenders- unconditional surrender w/ any conditions

May 8, 1945

V E DAY- victory in Europe day, coming home soldiers

Sullivan Brothers

they were all on the same ship (5) → inspo for “saving priv ryan” on Juno Ship Japanese torpedoed and hit the ship, slit ship and sunk, all sons died

Japanese mindset

• “Samurai Tradition” (ex. Hiroo Onoda)

• kill enemy or die trying

• Japanese thought emperor commands were from god

• though Genova accords were a joke

• Genova accords make people easier to fight

• had people on all islands (ex. fuel)

• Hiroo Onoda was on an island (1945-1974) off the coast of Philippians because thought the war was still happening bc the commanding officer left him there, the student went to find him and told him the war was over, but Hiroo didn’t believe him, the commanding officer had to come out and say stand down

Superiority belief (The rape of Nanjing)

December 7, 1941

“a date which will live in infamy”

• “Active Defense”

  • playing defense until the British got back on their feet

• Amphibious war

  • Land= General Douglas McArthur

  • Sea= Adm. Chester Nimitz

  • fighting on land and sea, Douglas most knowledgeable general in Pacific, phillipeans has men and McArthur and men, McArthur does not want to leave his men

• Bataan Dealth March

  • “I will return” - General Douglas MacArthur

Last time anyone touched america was…

Alaska and Pearl Harbor

Battle of Midway

clears up central pacific

Battle of Guadalcanal

southern, heavy casualties, solidify southern pacific

Battle of Aleutains

clears northern pacific and breaks the link to our coast

Philippines

(no air force) severly cripple Japanese navy, knock out back then almost whole airforce

Iwo Jima

750 miles from Tokyo, new air base/fuel, US KIA=4,200 J=21,000

Okinawa

360 miles from Tokyo, all planes could bom Japan (we do not want to enter main land) US KIA= 12,500 and wounded=36,500 J=100,000

Potsdam Conference (July 1945)

Truman (FDR dead), Stalin (Soviet Unions), Clemente Atlee and Churchill (new and old prime minister of GB)

• City in germany- has to be second meetin, germany is beaton

• Manhatan project= atomic bom drop in new mexico (no more than 2)

• leads to undercover soviet spies when Stalin isnt suprised

Isidary bom

fire bom

Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)

• first atomic bomb dropped, a military center, on a time (goes off before hit land)

• Enola Gay- plane named after his grandmother

• told factories the plane was being built for Roosevelt, crew did not know, piolet and copilot knew

• “little boy” nickname= first atomic bomb

• 70-100,000 deaths on impact, radiation goes everywhere for decades and causes cancer

• Truman said “give unconditional surrender or we give hell”

Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)

• box car plane

• fat man is a platonic bomb

• more US soldiers would die if did not drop the second bomb immediately

• cost billions

• killed 40,000-70,000 instantly

V J Day

Japan surrenders, if soldiers alive they will come home, celebration

Neville Chamberlain

British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937-1940

Winston Churchill

British military officer and writer, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940-1945

Josef Stalin

soviet politician, revolutionary, ruler

Franklin Roosevelt

US president during great depression, died before end of WWII

Harry Truman

Vice president → president #33, dropped atomic bombs in Japan

Adolf Hitler

Austrian-born german politician, dictator of Nazi Germany, hatred for Jews, and successful political movement. Holocaust, democratically elected

Benito Mussolini

Italian politician, dictator of Italy, took total control, admires Hitler

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan, “living god”, no surrender, he was allowed to remain emperor if Japan stood down

Rosie the Riveter

Naomi Parker Fraley, woman can work and be feminine

Fred Koremastu

Drafted for WWII, failed physical (stomach problems), worked on docs, lost job, the family sent to camps, “unconstitutional” in supreme court

Dwight D Eisenhower

Planned and supervised Operation Tourch and Invasion or Normandy and Race for Berlin, 34th President, assassinated

Hiroo Onoda

on the Phillipean islands (1945-1974) did not believe the war was over

Douglas MacArthur

American general, served as a top commander, on land, “I Shall Return”

Chester Nimitz

Admiral for sea, naval history, US Pacific fleet during WWII

Clemente Atlee

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1945-1951

Theodore Geisel

Dr. Seuss drew posters for the Treasury Department and the war Production Board, 1943 he joined the US army

Charles Lindebergh

Dr. Seuss enemy, American avatar, first non-stop solo flight across Atlantic Ocean, ridiculed for “Americas Fist” movement