Western Civ

What characterized the decline of religious influence by the end of the sixteenth century?

The decline in people believing in Roman Catholicism and the birth of Protestantism. This period also saw the rise of secularism, increased questioning of religious authority, and the emergence of scientific thought.

How did social tensions manifest during famines?

People accused others and sought someone to blame, leading to witch trials, especially in areas where Protestantism had recently won.

What characterized the decline of religious influence by the end of the sixteenth century?

The decline in people believing in Roman Catholicism and the birth of Protestantism. This period also saw the rise of secularism, increased questioning of religious authority, and the emergence of scientific thought.

How did social tensions manifest during famines?

People accused others and sought someone to blame, leading to witch trials, especially in areas where Protestantism had recently won.

What is a limited monarchy?

A system where a monarch's power is restricted by law.

What triggered the English Civil War?

King Charles attempted to rule without Parliament, leading to conflict that resulted in Parliament's victory.

What does the Toleration Act grant?

The right to public worship for certain groups.

What was a key aspect of Humanism during the Renaissance?

A focus on the value of labor and an emphasis on the Humanities, including writing and language.

What was the significance of Mannerism in art?

It encouraged reflection on personal feelings and emotion in artistic expression.

Who were Brahe and Kepler?

Key figures in astronomy; Brahe was a notable astronomer, and Kepler formulated laws of planetary motion.

What did Isaac Newton contribute to science?

He invented calculus, conducted studies on prisms, and formulated the Laws of Motion.

What was the Geocentric conception of the universe?

The idea that the earth is fixed at the center of the universe with concentric spheres around it.

What was the main outcome of the Peace of Westphalia?

It allowed German states to determine their own religion and ended the Thirty Years War.

What does absolutism allow a monarch to do?

It enables a monarch to deliberate on state matters without interference from external pressures.

How did councils affect Spanish governance?

Councils held real power and kings depended on their loyalty, leading to tyranny.

What were John Locke's views on government?

He argued for two branches of government focused on serving the people and emphasized the need for order.

How did views on monarchy change from the 1600s to the 1700s?

In the 1600s, kings believed they were divine; by the 1700s, this belief diminished.

What role did Parliament play in the governance of England during James I's reign?

James I needed Parliament to enact laws and manage governance as part of the Legislative Branch.

Humanism

Focus on classical learning, emphasizing human potential and experience.

Patronage

Financial support of artists and thinkers by wealthy elites during the Renaissance.

Mannerism

A Renaissance art style that emphasizes emotion and exaggeration.

Baroque

Ornate and dramatic art and music style that emerged between 1600-1750.

Heliocentrism

The theory that the sun is at the center of the universe, proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus.

Geocentrism

The outdated belief that the Earth is at the center of the universe.

Thirty Years' War

The last major European religious war between Catholics and Protestants, ending with the Peace of Westphalia.

Absolutism

A political system in which a monarch has total control over the government and his or her subjects.

Limited Monarchy

A monarchy whose powers are limited by law or a constitution, as seen in England after the Civil War.

Legislative Branch (Locke)

A government branch that serves the people and should operate temporarily, according to John Locke.

Christianity's Weakened Credibility

By the 17th century, Christianity faced challenges questioning its authority.

Harvest Failures

Economic downturns and famines led to social unrest and witchcraft accusations.

Toleration Act (1689)

Legislation allowing public worship for non-Conformists in England.

Renaissance Humanism

A cultural movement emphasizing classical learning and human potential.

Baroque Period

Artistic style from 1600 to 1750 marked by grandeur and emotional depth.

Caravaggio

Artist known for his dramatic use of light and realism in painting.

Galileo and the Telescope

Galileo's enhancements validated heliocentric theories through observational evidence.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War and allowed German states to choose their religion.

John Locke's Natural Rights

Philosophy centered on life, liberty, and property as fundamental human rights.

English Civil War (1642-1651)

Conflict between King Charles I and Parliament, leading to significant political changes.