Final Exam

enzyme

a biological catalyst

which of these is found in both bacterial cells and animal cells? mitochondria, cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleus

nucleus

what is necessary to form a good hypothesis?

* make predictions based on the hypothesis
* is testable
* based on observations of the natural world

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what model organism has 2 sexes (male and hermaphrodite) and is the organism which cell fate has been worked out through cell lineages from fertilized egg to the adult?

c. elegans

heterotroph

an organism that gets energy from living or once living things

what does molecular evidence for evolution inlcude?

* some proteins are highly conserved in all living things
* all living organisms make proteins from mRNA
* ribosome and protein synthesis in mitochondria is like that of bacteria

a cell uses DNA to…

contain its biological information

molecular clock

comparison of DNA and amino acid sequences between species which allows us to estimate the time of species divergence

what will a buffer solution do if base is added?

the buffer will release hydrogen ions

beta sheet region of a protein is an example of what structure?

secondary

dehydration synthesis

how organic polymers in livings things are often formed

what is true of living cells?

* separated by outside environment with phospholipid bilayer
* smallest subunit of life
* use energy to synthesize organic molecules
* use DNA to store biological information

what does the production of acteyl-CoA from pyruvate produce?

CO2 and NADH

what is true of hexiokinase?

* catalyses the first step in glycolysis
* prevents glucose from being transported outside of the cell
* adds a phosphate to glucose
* uses an ATP

cellulose

sugar polymer in plants used for cell walls

what do enzymes do?

lower the activation energy of a reaction

what does chlorophyll reflect?

green light

where is ATP synthase located?

thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane

what is ATP synthase powered by?

hydrogen ion gradient

what does ATP synthase make?

the vast majority of ATP used by our cells

what is produced during the conversion of 1,3 bisphosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate?

an ATP

why is fermentation necessary when it occurs?

to regenerate NAD+ from NADH to continue glycolysis

metabolism

the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in the cell

if one atom takes an electron permanently from another atom it becomes what?

an anion

what is the subunit of protein?

amino acid

what is the subunit of RNA?

nucleotide

what is the subunit of starch?

sugar

what is the subunit of wood?

sugar

entropy

energy that dissipates as heat and cannot be used to to work

what is true of glyoclysis?

* breaks sugar in half
* uses 2 ATP

produces a net gain of 2 ATPs
* ends with two molecules of pyruvate

what catalyses the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

phosphofructokinase

when is the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate downregulated?

when ATP is high

what energy does the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate use?

1 ATP

what is the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate considered?

the committed step of glycolysis

COP I and COP II

proteins critical for the movement of vesicles from the ER to golgi bodies

where are the places electron transport pathways generate proton gradients?

* bacterial plasma membranes
* mitochondrial inner membrane
* thylakoid membrane

where does the citric acid cycle take place in eukaryotes?

mitochondrial matrix

what are the sections of the calvin benson cycle?

* carbon fixation
* reverse of glycolysis
* reformation of ribulose-bisphosphaste

what do both chloroplasts and mitochondria have?

their own DNA

what does photosystem 1 do to NADP?

it reduces it to NADPH

what does photosystem 1 do to energy from photons?

uses it to displace electrons

where is photosystem 1 located?

thylakoid membrane

where are harmful substances detoxified?

smooth ER

what makes rough ER rough?

ribosomes

what is apart of the endomembrane system?

* ER
* golgi apparatus
* transport vesciles
* plasma membrane
* nuclear envelope
* lysosomes

what catalyzes the committed step of glyolysis?

phosphofructokinase

what is phosphofructokinase’s substrates?

ATP and fructose-6-phosphate

what is phosphofructokinase upregulated by?

AMP

where powerful digestive enzymes are stored

lysosomes

smooth ER functions in the synthesis of what?

phospholipids

where are o-linked oligosaccharides added?

golgi

what is found in substantial amounts on the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane but not on the inside of the cytoplasmic membrane?

glycolipids

what are sphingomyelin, sphingosine, phophoatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine?

phospholipids

what does cholesterol do in animal cells?

adds rigidity to cell membrane

what is cholesterol classified as?

a lipid

is cholesterol found in membranes of plant cells?

no

can we synthesize cholesterol?

yes

how are membranes structurally organized?

* lipid rafts
* membrane proteins
* corralling

what is true of proteins that function in or at membranes?

* may bind to a transmembrane protein
* may be bound to a membrane glycolipid
* may have one or more transmembrane domain
* can attach to the membrane via a lipid anchor

human A B and O red blood cell surface anitgens have different what?

glycosolations

what is true of detergents?

* are amphipathic to solubilize fats and membranes
* have fatty tails
* form mycelles

TOC and TIC comlex

transport proteins in the chloroplast; outer and inner membrane

eukaryotic cell membranes are primarily composed of

phospholipid bilayers

if you drop a red blood cell into a solution with a high salt concentration it will

crenate

what kind of energy does the sodium potassium pump use?

ATP

what does sodium potassium pump pump?

3 sodium ions for 2 potassium ions

what kind of pump is the sodium potassium pump?

p-pump

active transporter that undergoes conformational change on binding ATP is?

ABC transporter

are ion channels specific?

yes

what kind of gates can ion channels have?

* ligand gated
* voltage gated
* mechanically gated

in learning, repeated exposure to information activates NDMA receptors which cause

the cell to make more receptors, so that the neural pathway is easier to activate

ribosomal RNA is synthesized and modified in

the nucleolus

what organelles contain DNA?

* chloroplasts
* mitochondria
* nucleus

proteins go to the nucleus through

* nuclear localization sequences of amino acids on the protein
* through action of RAN GTPase
* import receptors
* through nuclear pores

an agonist is

something that activates the receptor to which it binds

two secondary protein structures found commonly in transmembrane domains are

alpha-helices and beta-barrels

what do membrane potentials allow for?

nerve and muscle function

how are membrane potentials maintained?

the active transport of ions

how are membrane potentials caused?

small differences in ion concentration

what do membrane potentials result from?

a negative charge inside the cell

do voltage gated channels play a role in nerve function?

yes, a major one

how fast do voltage channels close?

they close rapidly after opening

how are voltage gated channels opened?

localized depolarization

what do voltage gated channels propagate?

action potentials

acetylcholine receptors are found

at neuromuscular junctions

heterochromatin

tightly packed and transcriptionally inactive

what is the largest family of membrane transport proteins?

ABC transporter

what kind of pump is ATP synthase?

F-type

the transporter binds to ATP which causes a change in structure which causes molecule transport

ABC transporter

the transporter is phosphorylated, hydrolyzing ATP in the process

P type pump

a hydrogen ion gradient powers a pump that attaches phosphates to ADP creating ATP

F-type pump

an action potential is

the rapid depolarization of a cell

the kind of signaling goes across a small cleft between two cells

synaptic

this protein helps Ran release GDP and bind GTP

Ran GEF

which direction does Ran carry cargo?

it carries it into the cytoplasm

where to growth factors bind?

cytoplasmic membrane bound receptors

what do growth factors activate?

tyrosine kinase activity on the receptors they bind to

what do growth factors set off?

MAP kinase signal transduction pathway

what do growth factors lead to?

transcription factors such as jun transcribing growth genes

the ability of a factor outside of the cell causing an effect inside of the cell such as altering gene expression through a coordinated series of steps is referred to as

signal transduction