Conception, Prenatal Development, and Birth Flashcards

Teratogen

• Factors that can cause abnormal prenatal development

  • e.g. 1) How long a fetus was exposed to a factor

  • e.g. 2) How intense the exposure to a factor was

Genotype

The sum total of all the genes a person inherits

Phenotype

• Genetic features that are actually expressed

  • e.g.) Hair color, eye color, etc…

APGAR Test

Test used to check vitals of a baby when it’s first born

Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, Respiration

What APGAR stands for

Germinal Stage

• First stage of prenatal development

• Fertilization to 2 weeks

Embryonic Stage

• Second stage of prenatal development

• 2 - 8 weeks

Fetal Stage

• Third stage of prenatal development

• 8 weeks to birth

Fraternal Twins

_________ _____ happen when multiple eggs are released during fertilization, resulting in 50% genetic similarity between the two

Identical Twins

_________ _____ occur when a fertilized egg splits into two, resulting in 100% genetic similarity between the two twins.

Alleles

Corresponding genes from mother and father that can be expressed differently

Homozygous

• Receiving the same version of a gene from both parents

  • e.g.) B = Brown eyes, b = Blue eyes

  • BB and bb are these types of alleles

Heterozygous

• Receiving a different version of a gene from each parent

  • e.g.) B = Brown eyes, b = Blue eyes

  • Bb and bB are these types of alleles

Infertility

Inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying

Causes of infertility

• Low quantity & quality of sperm (e.g. slower sperm causing mobility issues, incorrectly shaped, etc…)

• Low quantity of ova/eggs 

• Deterioration in quality of ova (due to age)

• Blockage of the fallopian tubes (egg isn’t able to develop properly/sperm can’t get there)

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

• Fertilization of sperm and ova in lab

• May lead to multiple births (dizygotic twins) due to multiple eggs being fertilized to increase likelihood of implantation (more than one egg can attach)

• These lab eggs are then placed back into a woman in hopes of implantation working 

Dominant

• Genes that are able to be expressed in the phenotype even when paired with different versions of the gene

  • e.g.) In eye color, brown are considered this

Recessive

• Genes that only express themselves when paired with a similar version gene

  • e.g.) Blue eyes are considered this type of gene, as they can only be expressed when paired with another blue eyed gene (bb)

Blood Tests

• Checking the mom’s blood if there are chances for any chromosomal disorders if they decide to have a kid 

  • Can be done early on in a pregnancy

  • Gives you a rough estimate/range of any potential issues/possibilities  

  • Not 100% accurate 

Ultrasounds

• Uses sound waves to give you a picture of your developing fetus 

  • Can help figure out:

    • 1. Physical abnormalities

    • 2. Sex of the fetus 

    • 3. Any multiple births (twins, triplets, etc…)

Amniocentesis

• Fetal cells are obtained from amniotic sac

• Tests for the cells for any chromosomal disorders

Chorionic Villus Sampling

• Fetal cells are obtained from placenta

• Tests for chromosomal disorders

Chromosomal Disorder

When the number or structure of chromosome is affected

Down Syndrome

When someone inherits an extra 21st chromosome, creating physical & cognitive delays

Fragile X Syndrome

• Additional copies of part of a chromosome

  • Causes cognitive delays, hyperactivity

  • More common in boys than girls

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

• One of the leading causes of intellectual disabilities in the U.S.

  • Cognitive Delays

  • Certain physical characteristics (e.g. wider spread of eyes)

• Challenges children and parents can face w/ the disorder:

  • Higher levels of hyperactivity & emotionality

  • Can impact family dynamics 

Cystic Fibrosis

Increased amount of mucus in lungs and digestive system

Sickle Cell Disease

• Effects blood cells ability to move smoothly to organs

  • Causes anemia, strokes, damages to organs

Tay-Sachs Disease

• Enzyme deficiency resulting in accumulating lipids within the nerves of cells inside within the brain

  • Leads to cells being damaged

  • Decreased cognitive & physical development

over time

Women are born with thousands of eggs that are stored in her ovaries, but they rapidly die out and begin to mature ____ ____

Ovum

One egg

Ova

Multiple eggs

Ovulation

• Release of an egg from the ovaries into the fallopian tube. The egg stays in the fallopian tube and waits for any sperm to penetrate it 

  • If there is no sperm waiting for the egg, the egg will travel through the fallopian tube into the uterus where the lining of the uterus will be shed, starting a woman’s period  

3 to 5

Sperms can live in the fallopian tube from _ __ _ days

Fertilization

• Sperm has fertilized the egg, egg is now referred to as a zygote. 

  • One sperm, one egg

  • Sperm created a shell around itself to prevent any other sperms from penetrating it 

blastocyst

Zygote proceeds to go through the meiosis-mitosis process (duplication). After 3-5 days, zygote becomes a __________

8

Blastocyst continues to grow. Around _ days after conception makes its way to the uterus and attempts to implant itself onto the uterine wall

20

__% of blastocysts actually implant themselves, majority of them are released w/ a woman’s period (fertilization occurs, but not implantation)

Implantation

Blastocyst has now IMPLANTED itself and is now called an embryo, germinal stage has ended, embryonic stage begins

Dilation of Cervix

• First and LONGEST stage of childbirth

• Cervix has to dilate large enough (5 in/10 cm) for the baby to be able to come out

• Extremely painful

• Have to time contractions in order to figure out if the baby is ready to be born

  • Usually indicated when contractions are happening every minute for an hour

• Lasts from about 8-10 hours

  • Can reach 24-48 hours on rare occasions

Epidural

• A shot that goes into the back of your spine that numbs you from the waist down 

  • Makes contractions go away or feel less pressure

  • Works for some women and doesn’t work for others 

  • Can have a point where you can’t get an epidural because you have to start pushing

Delivery

• Second stage of child birth

• Lasts from 20 to 40 mins

  • Rare occasions can be 1-2 hours

placenta

After pushing out the baby, the mother also has to push out the ________