absolute monarchs

Charles V

Early 1500s, elected ruler of the Roman Empire and more, after unwillingly signing the Peace of Augsburg he went to a monastery fo the rest of his life. He gave his land to his sons: Philip II and Ferdinand.

Philip II

Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American Colonies from his father Charles V, he was deeply religious and sent his armada to the Ottoman empire and to Protestants in England (where they were defeated)

Reconquista

the campaign to drive Muslims out of Spain, 64 years before Philip II,

Escorial

Philip II's great granite palace

El Greco

1500-1600s Greek artist famous in Spain. He painted with contemporary and abstract styles.

Velazquez

1500-1600s The court painter to King Philip IV. Painted realistic scenes of the royalty and court life.

Don Quixote

1605 "birth of the modern European novel" A story of a Spanish Nobleman who went crazy.

Reasons for the Spanish Empire's Weakness

inflation/taxes; buying goods from enemies (Spain made products in old fashioned expensive ways); borrowing money from other countries to fund wars; loss of Dutch region.

Duke of Alva

1568 Spanish duke who tried to crush the Dutch Protestant revolt by killing 1500 people in one day

United Provinces of the Netherlands

1579 separated from Spain after 11 years of fighting. Practiced religious toleration and didn't have a monarch

Rembrandt

1600s Dutch painter who painted and was funded by wealthy middle class merchants, civic leaders, and merchants

Jan Vermeer

1600s Dutch artist who painted scenes of daily live

Dutch East India Tea Company

1636 A trading company controlled by the dutch government. had the largest number of ships in the world. They dominated the Asian and Indian sea trade and were the bankers of europe (as opposed to the Italians)

Absolute monarchs

Monarchs who control every aspect of their society and have all the power

Divine Right

the idea that God created the monarchy , and monarchs are God's representatives on earth. (according to this, monarchs didn't need to listen to their people, only God)

Jean Bodin

1576 French writer, defined absolute rule P161

Catherine de Medicis

1559 wife of Henry II, while her four sons inherited the french throne, she kept all the real leadershipower

Henry Of Navarre

1589 inherited the french throne and started the Bourbon dynasty of rulers, wrote the edict of Nantes, "Paris is Well worth a mass", was murdered for his controversial religious beliefs.

Louis IV

1643- 1715 Louis the IV was called the Sun King or the boy king(he was four years old when he began his reign). He had complete control of france, because he was an absolutist. "I am the state" He kept nobles at bay, and kept people happy by meeting regularly with his intendants. He was also a patron of the arts, but only art that portrayed himself well. When he cancelled the Edict of Nantes he lost many Huguenots to other countries. Later in his reign he tried to conquer other European countries, but struggled and left France in a state of turmoil and debt.

Edict Of Nantes

1598 Henry of Navarre, the French king, declared that Huguenots could live in France in peace.

Versailles

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Lorrainers

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Duke Of Saint Simon

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Cardinal Richelieu

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Skepticism

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Intendant

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Jean Baptiste Colbert

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War of the Spanish Succession

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St Bartholomews Massacre

1572 massacre of Huguenots, when they many Huguenot nobles while they were celebrating Henry of Navarre's marriage to Catherine's daughter. Shows how unpopular Huguenots were and how controversial Henry's relgion was.

Cardinal Mazarin

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30 Years War

1618-1648, a war over religion and territory. It started between the Bohemian protestants and Ferdinand II. For the first half, Ferdinand was winning because of his Hapsburg armies in Northern Germany, however tides turned when the French cardinals and the Swedish king got involved. Ultimately, france gained land. german princes gained freedom. The Hapsburgs lost power.

Gustavus Adolphus

1630 A Swedish protestant king who got the Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany

Peace Of Westphalia

1648 Peace that ended the 30 Years War. Most importantly, it said there would be no more religious wars, and kings needed to negotiate with each other instead of fighting

Hapsburg Family

1711 Austrian family who built an empire, led by Charles VI

Maria Theresa

1717 Empress of the Hapsburg empire, absolute monarch. Although she was underestimated as a woman, she proved herself by fighting the Prussians and creating alliances (eventually she lost Silesia to the Prussians)

Hohenzollerns

1640 family that created Prussia, with a strong military

Frederick the Great

1730 King who inherited the Prussian empire, and softened its military policies

Seven Years War

1756 A war between most European nations over territory, Europe stayed the same, but France lost many of their colonies in America and Britain gained control of India

Ivan III of Moscow

1462-1505 russian king who conquered lots of land around Moscow and freed russia from the Mongols.

Ivan the Terrible

1533 The first russian Czar. Absolute monarch. He married a Romanov named Anastasia and ruled well for the first few years of his reign. Unfortunately after Anastasia's death, he became paranoid and created police force who killed anyone whom he didnt like. He took land from nobles and gave it to people he trusted. In a violent fight' he killed his heir/son, and left the kingdom in the hands of his incapable son. He left Russia in a terrible state: the Time Of Troubles.

Boyars

1500-1600 Russias landowning nobles, as Russia developed, power was taken away from them. They held Russia behind the West because they refused to give up the lord and serf system.

Micheal Romonov

1613 man chosen by Russian leaders to take back the throne after the time of troubes, he started the Romonov dynasty which lasted over 300 years

Peter the Great

1672-1725 A great Russian czar. He recognized that Russia needed to learn from the west. He journeyed through Europe and learned about their culture. Upon returning he made the following reforms: he put the church in state hands, he reduced the power of boyars, brought in european military tactics and training, introduced potatoes, started a newspaper, allowed women to go to social gatherings, introduced western fashions, and opened many schools and encouraged education abroad. Also, after a long war, he took a marshy land way from Sweden and turned it into St Petersburg-opening trade with Europe.

Westernization

The process of making a region more like the Western hemisphere. In terms or culture, economics, and government. One of Peter's goals was to use westernization as a model for change. It took place in Europe. Peter saw it as a way to make Russia stronger.

St Petersburg

1703 A city built by Peter the Great. He had to fight a 21 year long war to get the land from the Swedish. It was built on marshy land and construction killed many serfs, but it allowed Russia to become a factor in the sea trade world.

Bourbon Dynasty

Ruling family in france, Louis IV

Charles I

1625-1649 son of king James of England, dissrespected parliament, after dissovling them many times, parliament made him sign the Petition Of Right, but he ignored it and spiked a civil war

Queen Elizabeth I

1603 British queen who, while patronizing the arts got into serious debt

Petition of Right

1628 A petition written by parliament to control charles I. Stopped leaders from imprisoning innocent people, raising taxes without Parliament's consent, putting soldiers in people's home, imposing martial law. Charles ignored it however

English Civil War

1642-1649 some people were against the manarchy and some were for it. Supporters of the king were called Royalists and people against him were Roundheads

Oliver Cromwell

1645-1658 military general who helped the Roundheads win the civil war. He executed the king and created a commonwealth government, though he turned into a military dictator.

Restoration

The period of British history when Charles II restore the manarchy to the throne

Habeas corpus

1679 Law passed by parliament during Charles II's rule. Says that every prisoner has the right to a fair trial before a judge . Stopped monarchs from random imprisonment

Glorious revolution

Prince William led his army into London to overthrow King James II, but James II fled. It is glorious because there was no bloodshed

Constitutional monarchy

System of government where laws limit the power the monarchy! First imposed on England by William and Mary

Bill of Rights

1689 document written by parliament listing the things a monarch couldn't do

William and Mary

1688 Royal couple ruling England. Mary was daughter of James II and William was a prince of the Netherlands. Transformed England into a constitutional monarchy.

James II

1685 King of England, brother of Charles II, offended everyone by displaying his catholic beliefs. When his catholic son was born, the people encouraged William and Mary to take over

Cabinet system

1700s Ministers acting in the rulers name but actually also members of parliament

Charles II

1660 British king, son of Charles I, took over after Oliver C's death. He led the reformation and was loved by the people. Passed the habeas corpus act