Chapter 1: Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology

Phylogeny

________: The relationship between all the organisms on Earth that have descended from a common ancestor, whether they are extinct or extant.

Animals

________ form a distinct branch on the evolutionary tree of life.

future generations

Organisms with different variant forms are expected to leave different numbers of offspring to ________.

precursors of gametes

As the ________ prepare to divide early in gamete production, the nuclear material condenses to reveal discrete, elongate structures called chromosomes.

chemical bonds

It contains the same kinds of atoms and ________ that occur in nonliving matter and obey all fundamental laws of chemistry.

Zoology

The scientific study of animal life, builds on centuries of human observations of the animal world

Evolution

A temporal continuity of ancestral and descendant populations showing extensive and ongoing change

Macromolecules

Large molecules which the living things assemble

Emergence

Appearance of new characteristics at a given level of organization

Emergent Properties

These properties arise from interactions among the component parts of a system

Heredity

The faithful transmission of traits from parents to offspring, usually observed at the organismal level

Variation

The production of differences among the traits of different individuals

Nucleic acids

Encode structures of the protein molecules needed for organismal development and functioning

DNA

Stores genetic information

Genetic Code

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

Physiology

The study of metabolic functions from the biochemical to the organismal levels

Metamorphosis

The transformation that occurs from one stage to another

Ecology

The study of organismal interaction with an environment

Irritability

A property where all organisms respond to environmental stimuli

Thermodynamics

Laws governing energy and its transformations

First Law of Thermodynamics

Law of Conservation of Energy

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Any spontaneously occurring process will always lead to an escalation in the entropy of the universe

Eukaryotes

Those animals that form part of an even larger limb; organisms whose cells contain membrane-enclosed nuclei

Euglena

It is a motile, single-celled organism that resembles plants in being photosynthetic, but resembles animals in its ability to eat food particles

Science

A way of asking questions about the natural world and sometimes obtaining precise answers to them

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

This method requires us to generate hypotheses or potential answers to a question being asked

Darwins hypothesis of natural selection

Explains the observations that many different species have properties that adapt them to their environments

Null Hypothesis

The one that permits a statistical test of our data to reject its predictions if the hypothesis is false

Paradigms

Powerful theories that guide extensive research

Controls

Repetitions of the experimental procedure that lack the treatment; eliminate the unknown factors that might bias the outcome of the experiment

Teleology

The mistaken notion that the evolution of living organisms is guided by purpose toward an optimal design

Perpetual change

It states that the living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but is always changing, with continuity between past and present forms of life

Common descent

It states that all forms of life descend from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages

Phylogeny

The relationship between all the organisms on Earth that have descended from a common ancestor, whether they are extinct or extant

Multiplication of species

It states that the evolutionary process produces new species by splitting and transforming older ones

Gradualism

It states that the large differences in anatomical traits that characterize disparate species originate through the accumulation of many small incremental changes over very long periods of time

Adaptation

A phenomenon wherein natural selection explains why organisms are constructed to meet the demands of their environment

Particulate Inheritance

A pattern of inheritance showing that phenotypic traits can be passed from generation to generation through genes, which can keep their ability to be expressed while not always appearing in a descending generation

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

States that chromosomes are the vehicles of genetic heredity

Neo-Darwinism

A modified theory of Darwinism explaining the origin of species on a genetic basis

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

This theory comes from the consolidation of research done in the fields of genetics, which was founded by the experimental work of Gregor Mendel, and cell biology

Genetic Approach

It consists of mating or "crossing" populations of organisms that are true-breeding for contrasting traits, and then following hereditary transmission of those traits through subsequent generations

True Breeding

Means that a population maintains across generations only one of the contrasting traits when propagated in isolation from other populations

Zoology

The scientific study of animal life, builds on centuries of human observations of the animal world.

Evolution

A temporal continuity of ancestral and descendant populations showing extensive and ongoing change.

Macromolecules

Large molecules which the living things assemble. It contains the same kinds of atoms and chemical bonds that occur in nonliving matter and obey all fundamental laws of chemistry.

Emergence

Appearance of new characteristics at a given level of organization.

Emergent Properties

These properties arise from interactions among the component parts of a system.

Heredity

The faithful transmission of traits from parents to offspring, usually observed at the organismal level.

Variation

The production of differences among the traits of different individuals.

Nucleic acids

Encode structures of the protein molecules needed for organismal development and functioning.

DNA

Stores genetic information.

Genetic Code

The sequence of amino acids in a protein.

Physiology

The study of metabolic functions from the biochemical to the organismal levels.

Metamorphosis

The transformation that occurs from one stage to another.

Ecology

The study of organismal interaction with an environment.

Irritability

A property where all organisms respond to environmental stimuli.

Thermodynamics

Laws governing energy and its transformations.

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be transformed from one form to another.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Any spontaneously occurring process will always lead to an escalation in the entropy of the universe.

Eukaryotes

Those animals that form part of an even larger limb; organisms whose cells contain membrane-enclosed nuclei.

Euglena

It is a motile, single-celled organism that resembles plants in being photosynthetic, but resembles animals in its ability to eat food particles.

Microbiome

A major characteristic of animal life that is often overlooked

Microbiome

It influences our digestion of food, and variation in the content of the microbiome among individuals can influence our body weight and susceptibility to malnutrition

Science

A way of asking questions about the natural world and sometimes obtaining precise answers to them.

Scientific knowledge

must explain what is observed by reference to natural law without requiring the intervention of a supernatural being or force.

Pursuit of scientific knowledge

must be guided by the physical and chemical laws that govern the state of existence.

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

This method requires us to generate hypotheses or potential answers to a question being asked.

Scientific hypotheses

often constitute general statements about nature that may explain a large number of diverse observations.

Darwin’s hypothesis of natural selection

Explains the observations that many different species have properties that adapt them to their environments.

Null Hypothesis

The one that permits a statistical test of our data to reject its predictions if the hypothesis is false.

Theory

If a hypothesis is very powerful in explaining a wide variety of related phenomena, it attains the status of a \_____.

Paradigms

Powerful theories that guide extensive research.

proximate or immediate causes

The first category seeks to explain the \______ that underlie the operation of biological systems at a particular time and place.

experimental method

Hypotheses of proximate causes are tested using the \___.

Controls

Repetitions of the experimental procedure that lack the treatment; eliminate the unknown factors that might bias the outcome of the experiment.

ultimate causes

The second category is the questions of the \____ that have produced these systems and their distinctive characteristics through evolutionary time.

comparative method

Tests of hypotheses of ultimate causality require the \____.

Teleology

The mistaken notion that the evolution of living organisms is guided by purpose toward an optimal design.

Perpetual change

It states that the living world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling, but is always changing, with continuity between past and present forms of life.

Common descent

It states that all forms of life descend from a common ancestor through a branching of lineages.

Phylogeny

The relationship between all the organisms on Earth that have descended from a common ancestor, whether they are extinct or extant.

Multiplication of species

It states that the evolutionary process produces new species by splitting and transforming older ones.

Gradualism

It states that the large differences in anatomical traits that characterize disparate species originate through the accumulation of many small incremental changes over very long periods of time.

Gradualism

This theory is important because genetic changes that have very large effects on organismal form are usually harmful to an organism.

Natural selection

There is variation among organisms for anatomical, behavioral, and physiological traits.

Natural selection

The variation is at least partly heritable so that offspring tend to resemble their parents.

Natural selection

Organisms with different variant forms are expected to leave different numbers of offspring to future generations.

Adaptation

A phenomenon wherein natural selection explains why organisms are constructed to meet the demands of their environment.

Particulate Inheritance

A pattern of inheritance showing that phenotypic traits can be passed from generation to generation through genes, which can keep their ability to be expressed while not always appearing in a descending generation.

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

States that chromosomes are the vehicles of genetic heredity.

Neo-Darwinism

A modified theory of Darwinism explaining the origin of species on a genetic basis.

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

This theory comes from the consolidation of research done in the fields of genetics, which was founded by the experimental work of Gregor Mendel, and cell biology.

Genetic Approach

It consists of mating or “crossing” populations of organisms that are true-breeding for contrasting traits, and then following hereditary transmission of those traits through subsequent generations.

True Breeding

Means that a population maintains across generations only one of the contrasting traits when propagated in isolation from other populations.

chromosomes

As the precursors of gametes prepare to divide early in gamete production, the nuclear material condenses to reveal discrete, elongate structures called \___.

Paired chromosomes

are physically associated and then segregated into different daughter cells during cell division prior to gamete formation.