Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Final Exam Semester 1

Exams 1-3 for Human anatomy and physiology Bio 001 first semester (2023) is here for the final exam

posterier

this is a -____ view of the body

homeostasis

what is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment termed

responsiveness

Which necessary life maintaining function would involves the ability to detect changes in the internal or external environment of the body and respond to them?

The contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) can reduce the flow of blood through the vessel.

One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of physiological study, the rest are from an anatomical perspective. Select the description below that comes from physiological perspective.

2-1-4-3-5

Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organ

tissues

Similar cells that have a common function are called ________.

It is considered the cause of most diseases

Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?

a and d are correct

In chapter one, you learned the terms parietal and visceral; which of the following statement(s) would accurately use these terms as they pertain to the pleura in the lung?

the visceral pleura would cover the lungs, the parietal pleura would line the thoracic cavity

the parietal pleura would cover the lungs, whereas the parietal pleura would line the thoracic cavity

the parietal pleura would be the innermost lining, whereas the visceral pleura would be the outermost lining

the visceral pleura would be the innermost lining, whereas the parietal pleura would be the outermost lining

a and d are correct

b and c are correct

a and c are correct

b and d are correct

false

Most cells in the human body have the same structure.

osmosis

Which of the following would NOT be restricted (limited) by low levels of ATP?

a and b are correct

What function(s) do plasma proteins serve within the plasma membrane?

Transport substances in and out of the cell

Act as receptors for communication purposes

Form the basic structure of the plasma membrane

Act as identity molecules

a and d are correct

a and b are correct

b and c are correct

c and d are correc

protein carrier or channel

What assists the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion?

DNA synthesis

Prior to any mitotic events taking place, what important process needs to occur (during interphase) in order to ensure two identical copies of the cell are formed? 

hyperplasia, neoplasia, a tumor

Normal increase in cell number is termed ______ however, an abnormal cell mass that grows out of control is termed ______which may develop into ______

cytoplasm

Cellular material located outside the nucleus yet inside the plasma membrane is the ________.

messenger RNA

Which of the following is NOT a component of a plasma membrane?

interphase, mitosis

cells grow during _____ and divide during ____

exocytosis

The process of discharging particles from inside a cell to the outside is called ________ (type of active vesicular transport).

structure, physiology

According to the principle of complementarity, the activities of cells are dictated by their _____ which determines their _____

 

The plasma membrane would become stiffen, becoming more stable and less permeable.

If a human cell were to increase the amount of cholesterol embedded within its plasma membrane, which of the following would most likely happen?

 

a and c are functions of the plasma membrane

Which of the following best describes the function(s) of the plasma membrane?

 

Provides a physical barrier separating the cytoplasm from extracellular fluid

 

A protective layer separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm

 

It selective permeability determines which substances enter or exit the cell

all of the above are functions of the plasma membrane

a and c are functions of the plasma membrane

 

b and c are functions of the plasma membrane

tight junctions

Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.

desmosomes

Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

gap junctions

Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another.

gap junctions

Present in electrically excitable tissues.

telophase

Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, cleavage occurs and two cells begin to emerge

anaphase

Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes pull away from each other and migrate to opposite ends of the cell.

metaphase

Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell, on the spindle equator.

early prophase

Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and the nucleus disintegrates, thus preparing the cell to divide

nervous tissueq

This tissue type has the ability to respond to stimuli

connective tissue

This tissue type contains an extracellular matrix, which allows it to withstand tension forces, bear weight, etc. It varies in its vascularity

muscle tissue

This tissue type functions in organ and/or body movement

epithelial

This tissue type has an apical an a basal surface that affect its polarity, forms sheets, is avascular, and regenerates easily

 

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.

d

 

Granulation tissue is highly susceptible to infection.

 

Inflammation causes capillaries to dilate and become permeable.

 

Granulation tissue is another name for a blood clot.

 

The clot is formed from dried blood and transposed collagen fibers.

atrophy

Due to the cast placed on her broken leg, Kinsley's muscles have decreased in size. Which term best describes how her muscles have been affected?

epithelial tissue

A substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type?

elastic

The fiber type that gives connective tissue the ability to stretch and recoil is ________.

simple squamous

A single layered epithelium with flat cells that allow for easy diffusion would be classified as ________.

skeletal muscle

Which of the following is NOT classified as a connective tissue?firma

formation of new stem cells

Which of the following is NOT a step in tissue repair?

stratified squamous

A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as ________.

inflammation

The first step in tissue repair involves ________.

forms new capillaries to restore blood supply

What is the purpose of the formation of granulation tissue step during tissue repair? 

weak

Skeletal muscle regeneration

weak

cartilage regeneration

virtually no function

nervous tissue regeneration

virtually no function

cardiac muscle regeneration

regenerates extremely well

epithelial tissue regeneration

regenerates extremely well

bone regeneration

regeneration, fibrosis

regeneration is a type of repair in which tissue is replaced by the same kind of tissue, and fibrosis is a type of tissue repair in which it is replaced largely by scar tissue. 

answer 1:

answer 2:

collagen, elastic and flexible

scar tissue is composed mainly of _____ which hinders its function, due to its being less ____ and ____

keratinocytes

the most abundant cells of the epidermis

melanocyte

Spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin.

merkel cells

Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch.

dendritic cells

Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system.

keratin

The fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties.

Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

An increase in sebum production in response to androgens (male sex hormones).

Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.

Excretion of salts within the sweat.

Lack of pain in third-degree burns due to damage to sensory nerves in the dermis.

 

The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.

The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?

The looseness allows for phagocytes to roam through the tissue and search for infection.

The spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and pick up waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers.

The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.

The high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis.

the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for this is ________.

the heart is pumping faster because the person was probably exercising

blood flow has increased to the sweat glands in order to increase their metabolic activity

he melanocytes are responding to the heat of the sun and change the appearance of the skin with increased production

the blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin

sebaceous gland

Which of the following glands secrete sebum, an oily like substance

 

Basal cell carcinomas are the most common and most benign.

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.

 

Increased oily appearance and more acne.

The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?

 

faster healing of the skin and less scaring

A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.

 

Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.

Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?

 

assist in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands

The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to ________.

 

The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.

Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn?

epidermis

Which layer of tissue is damaged in a first-degree burn?

overexposure to UV radiation

The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.

 

Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will increase the production of melanin.

Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback?

tactile cells

Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch?

 

in the axillary and anogenital area

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

thick mulitple layers of the skin

Protection from mechanical damage

sweat glands

Protection from chemical damage (e.g. uric acid excretion)

sweat glands

body temperature regulation

dendritic cells and layers of the skin

Protection from microbes

sebaceous glands and layers of the skin

Protection from dessication

cause by bacterial infection and overproduction of the sebaceous gland

acne

caused by loss of elasticity and collagen, decreased oil produciton, and decreased subcutaneous fat

wrinkles

skin inflammation

dermatitis

staphylococcus bacterial infection causing water-filled lesions, commonly around the mouth and nose

impetigo

fungal infection involving the epidermis

athletes foot

virus that produces cold sores

herpes simplex

damage to multiple layers of the skin and underlying tissues due to prolonged pressure

decubitus ulcers

Erythema

Caused by vasodilation of surface capillaries (indicates fever, exercise, inflammation, or allergy)

pallor

Caused by vasoconstriction of surface capillaries (may indicate fear, anemia, or low blood pressure)

jaundice

Accumulation of bilirubin, usually indicates a liver disorder.

cyanosis

Poorly oxygenated hemoglobin, giving light colored individuals a bluish color; indicates cardiovascular or respiratory distress

ecchymosis

Damaged blood vessels causing blood to leak into the tissues

Deep second-degree burns and third-degree (full thickness) burns aren't able to naturally replace damaged skin cells on their own.

he dangers depend on how big of an area it is could result in death, loss of limb(s), paralysis, infection, dehydration etc. The worse it is and the more area it covers, the harder it is to get a skin graft as you are taking it from your own body and you don't want to do it unless its a last resort. 

a) Explain why a full thickness (3rd degree) burn would require a skin graft. b) Explain what the subsequent consequences/dangers are of full thickness (3rd degree) burns. 

protect the brain

Which is the best description for the function of the cranial bones?

scoliosis

Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region?

provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

What is the major function of the axial skeleton?

lordiosis

Which of the following is the abnormal curve often seen in pregnant women as they attempt to preserve their center of gravity toward the end of the pregnancy?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar

From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae?

the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

The axial skeleton includes ________.

the lumbar region

Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?

all of the above are funcitons of the skeletal system

 

Which of the following would not be included as a function of the skeletal skeletal system?

Hormone production

 

Store minerals and fat

 

Hematopoiesis

 

Allow movement by serving as attachment sites for muscles

 

All of the above are functions of the skeletal system

 

A and B are NOT functions of the skeletal system

 

B and C are NOT functions of the skeletal system

 

C and D are are NOT functions of the skeletal system

 

the nucleus pulposus protects the annulus from potential rupture or herniation

Which of the following is NOT true of  intervertebral discs?

perforating (sharpey’s) fibers

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________.

growth hormone

growth of bones is primarily controlled by