Fermentation and Spherification

What is fermentation?

A process that produces ATP without the use of oxygen. The process is a form of anaerobic respiration.

Why would a cell need to perform fermentation?

Some simple organisms like bacteria and yeast cannot carry on aerobic respiration because they lack the enzymes and/or mitochondria for the aerobic part of the reactions. Sometimes, they use it just to stay alive when there is no oxygen.

Glycolysis

The breakdown (splitting) of glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules. Must occur before fermentation.

What molecules does fermentation begin with?

With the pyruvic acid molecules. It makes it possible for a cell to produce ATP without oxygen.

In the absence of oxygen, fermentation releases energy from

food molecules

Muscle cells in animals can survive for a limited time using lactic acid fermentation (anaerobic respiration), but

they must eventually go through the aerobic part when sufficient oxygen is available. Must "pay back" the oxygen debt.

Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate (pyruvic acid) to:

lactic acid (lactate)

Alcohol fermentation converts pyruvate (pyruvic acid) to:

acetaldehyde and then ethanol while also releasing CO2

Salt is used by us for pickling because

It encourages the growth of Lactobacillus, reduces the solubility of oxygen in the brine, and denatures proteins/enzymes of other microorganisms.

As lactic acid is produced by the Lactobacillus, the pH:

becomes more acidic and has more H+.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Glucose —>2 pyruvate--> 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP. Produced in animal muscle cells (muscle fatigue) and some bacteria. Important to the dairy industry, milk, cheese, and yogurt.

How does yeast produce alcohol and carbon dioxide?

By alcoholic fermentation. Important in the alcoholic beverage and baking industries.

What causes bread to rise?

CO2.

In anaerobic respiration, only 2 ATP are produced from each molecule of

glucose.

Lactic acid and alcohol still contain most of the chemical bond energy of the

original glucose.

What gets regenerated for glycolysis with either type of fermentation?

NAD+

NADH

Is an electron carrier, carries 2 electrons and also H+.

In aerobic respiration (in our cells), where does the electron transport chain take place?

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

True or False: oxygen is needed for glycolysis.

False

In spherification, the role of sodium alginate is to:

Form a gel out of solution when exposed to calcium chloride

These factors are important in spherificaiton:

pH, concentration of sodium alginate, concentration of calcium chloride, consistency of fruit juice

For some organisms, when O2 is present:

can do aerobic respiration instead since it makes more ATP

Aerobic respiration is able to break glucose down into:

CO2 and water

The CO2 that you breathe out came from:

the food you ingested earlier

Sodium alginate is derived from:

Seaweed

Aerobic respiration starts with glycolysis and is followed by:

Krebs cycle (TCA cycle)

In aerobic respiration, Krebs cycle is followed by:

the electron transport chain

Sodium alginate is technically a:

polysaccharide

Most enzymes are:

proteins

The reason we didn't put our fermentation jars into the fridge:

So that the enzymatic reactions of fermentation would go more quickly.

Ethanol (for cars/trucks) is mostly made by:

Using yeast to ferment corn (starch)

Our cells can use amino acids and fatty acids in cellular respiration

By fueling these molecules into the intermediate steps of glycolysis and/or Krebs cycle

The bonds that are disrupted by the change in pH in enzyme structure

H bonds in secondary and tertiary levels, and ionic bonds in tertiary-so proteins lose their 3d shape