History Final Exam

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s to 1953; he turned it into a totalitarian state and led during World War II and the start of the Cold War.

George Patton

A famous American general in World War II known for leading tank forces and helping defeat Nazi Germany.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

32nd President of the United States who led the country during the Great Depression and World War II; known for the New Deal programs and being elected four times.

Harry S. Truman

U.S. President who made the decision to use atomic bombs on Japan in WWII, led the country during the start of the Cold War, and created the Truman Doctrine to stop the spread of communism.

Adolf Hitler

Dictator of Nazi Germany who led the country during World War II and was responsible for the Holocaust.

Dwight Eisenhower

U.S. general during World War II and 34th President; known for leading D-Day invasion and promoting Cold War containment and interstate highway system.

Erwin Rommel

A famous German general in World War II, known as the “Desert Fox” for his leadership in North Africa. He was respected for his tactics and chivalry, even by his enemies.

Douglas MacArthur

A U.S. general who led Allied forces in the Pacific during World War II and oversaw the occupation and rebuilding of Japan after the war.

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister during World War II, known for his leadership against Nazi Germany and famous speeches.

Hideki Tojo

Prime Minister of Japan during World War II; he led Japan's military and was responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Hirohito

Emperor of Japan during World War II and the post-war period.

Chester Nimitz

A U.S. Navy admiral who led the Pacific Fleet during World War II and helped win key battles against Japan.

WWII can be grouped into these two theaters…

WWII was mainly fought in two theaters:

1. European Theater – battles across Europe and surrounding areas.

2. Pacific Theater – battles across the Pacific Ocean and Asia.

These three countries made up the Axis Powers…

Germany, Italy, and Japan.

All of the following were examples of how the US government raised money/conserve resources to support the war effort EXCEPT…

The US government did not draft women into military service.

What German code did the Allies “break” / decipher?

Broke the Enigma code used by Germany during World War II.

The breaking of German Code enabled the Allies to win what prolonged naval battle?

The Battle of the Atlantic.

What was the basic strategy, developed by General MacArthur, in the Pacific Theater? (Involved going around islands that were not deemed strategically important)

“island hopping”—bypassing less important islands to focus on capturing key ones.

Many feel that “ WHAT ” U.S. action lead to an inevitable Japanese attack on the U.S. …

U.S. embargo on oil and scrap metal against Japan.

What caused Britain and France to declare war on Germany?

Germany invaded Poland in 1939, breaking promises to respect Poland's borders.

What two countries were allies during the war, ended up as bitter rivals, and became world superpowers following the war?

the United States and the Soviet Union.

What battle was the turning point of the war in the Pacific?

The Battle of Midway

What two Japanese cities were destroyed by the use of atomic bombs?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Richard Nixon

37th U.S. president, known for ending the Vietnam War, opening China relations, and resigning due to the Watergate scandal.

HUAC

The House Un-American Activities Committee, a U.S. congressional group that investigated suspected communist activities during the Cold War.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

A married couple executed in 1953 for spying for the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Joseph McCarthy

U.S. senator known for leading anti-communist investigations in the 1950s, accusing many of being communists without strong evidence.

Alger Hiss

A U.S. government official accused of spying for the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Hollywood Ten

A group of film industry professionals blacklisted in the late 1940s for refusing to testify about Communist ties during the McCarthy-era investigations.

The main goal of “ _ ” was to stop the spread of communism by funding regional groups that opposed communism… - (It was an example of containment)

the Truman Doctrine.

The “ _ “ were defeated in the civil war in China despite over 2-billion dollars in aid sent to them by the United States…

The Nationalists.

What organization approved military action to repel the invaders in Korea?

The United Nations

What were two major goals of the USSR in Postwar WWII Europe?

1. To spread communism and support communist governments.

2. To create a buffer zone of friendly countries for security against future invasions.

Which country was the aggressor (Started the war) in the Korean War?

North Korea.

To label someone’s activities as “ _ “ would be to suggest that the person is making unsupported accusations…

Mudslinging.

Civil Rights reforms enacted by the Truman administration included:

Desegregating the military and promoting anti-lynching laws.

The G.I. Bill was geared as helping veterans in the areas of:

Helped veterans with education, home loans, and job training.

Which of the following had the highest population growth rate between 1940 and 1998?

Post-war baby boom and better health care reducing deaths.

One trend of the period 1946-1950 was:

Post-World War II economic growth and recovery.

Harry Truman’s successful campaign of 1948 featured all of the following…

1. Aggressive whistle-stop tours.

2. Strong attacks on the “Do-Nothing” Congress.

3. Appeals to working-class and minority voters.

In the election of 1948, Harry Truman benefited from all of the following factors…

1. Strong support from labor unions.

2. Split in the Republican Party.

3. Focus on civil rights and appealing to working-class voters.

Flexible Response

A military strategy allowing the use of different levels of force, from conventional weapons to nuclear, depending on the situation.

NATO

A military alliance of North American and European countries formed in 1949 to protect members against attacks.

Eisenhower Doctrine

a U.S. policy announced in 1957 to provide economic and military aid to Middle Eastern countries resisting communist influence.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader who ruled Cuba from 1959 to 2008, establishing a communist government.

Brinkmanship

Pushing a dangerous situation to the edge of conflict to force the other side to back down.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance of Soviet Union and Eastern European countries formed in 1955 to counter NATO during the Cold War.

Nikita Khrushchev

Soviet leader, known for de-Stalinization, Cold War confrontations, and promoting space exploration.

During the Eisenhower administration, official American policy for a Soviet attack on Western Europe called for:

Massive nuclear retaliation.

The Eisenhower Doctrine was a warning to the Soviet Union against military intervention in…

the Middle East.

What were the two nations where the U.S. influenced a change in Government under the Eisenhower Administration?

Iran and Guatemala.

One of the pitfalls of the U.S. policy of containment was that it:

Often led to prolonged conflicts and increased tensions with the Soviet Union.

What organization/agency became very important in regards to monitoring the USSR during the Cold War?

The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency).

What was Eisenhower’s greatest embarrassment regarding international relations?

The U-2 spy plane incident, where an American plane was shot down over the Soviet Union, damaging US-Soviet relations.

The Space Race in the late 1950’s impacted the United States in all of the following ways EXCEPT…

Did NOT cause the U.S. to lose global influence.

What did the Egyptian Government nationalize/take over that led to Britain, France, and Israel sending troops to the region and almost sparked a war?

The Suez Canal.

All of the following things contributed to the Bay of Pigs invasion EXCEPT…

It was not caused by Cuban government support for the invasion.

What contributed to the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

The Soviet Union agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba and secretly removing U.S. missiles from Turkey.

What Nation attempted to reassert imperial control over Vietnam in the Post WWII Period?

France, they wanted to regain their colonial empire and access to Vietnam’s resources and strategic location.

The Hot Line, created in 1963, did all of the following EXCEPT…

Allowed direct communication between all government agencies.

President Kennedy played a major role in all of the following…

Cuban Missile Crisis, the Space Race, and advancing Civil Rights.

These existed in several southern states and served to reinforce the white authority that had been lost following Reconstruction…

Black Codes: Laws in southern states restricting the rights of African Americans to maintain white control after Reconstruction.

The Supreme Court ruled in this 1896 case that the legislation of two separate societies - one black and one white - was permitted as long as the two were equal…

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation was legal as long as facilities were "separate but equal."

In 1955, this 14 year old boy from Chicago, Illinois, visited family in Money, Mississippi and was murdered for allegedly whistling to a white woman…

Emmett Till.

In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in “ THIS ” case that “Separate Facilities are Inherently Unequal” …

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional because separate facilities are inherently unequal.

Which of the following are true about the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

• It was a protest against racial segregation on public buses.

• It started in 1955 after Rosa Parks was arrested.

• It was led by Martin Luther King Jr.

• It lasted over a year and helped end bus segregation.

In 1957, this school had been chosen as a test case for desegregating the schools…

Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.

In Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 1, 1960, what did four African American collage students try to desegregate?

Tried to desegregate a whites-only lunch counter at a Woolworth's store in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 1, 1960.

In 1960, this organization was formed and attracted younger and more radical elements of the Civil Rights Movement…

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) – A civil rights group formed in 1960 that involved young activists and used nonviolent protest to fight racial injustice.

What were Freedom Riders?

Civil rights activists in the 1960s who rode buses through the southern U.S. to protest segregation in bus terminals.

In April, 1963, Martin Luther King called this city the “the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States”…

Birmingham, Alabama – due to its strict racial separation and civil rights abuses.

This President signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act…

Lyndon B. Johnson.

In March 1965, Dr. King let protesters on a 50-mile, voting-rights march starting in “ THIS ” southern city. It took three attempts for the protesters to complete the march, battling tear gas, cattle prods, and police batons, but their efforts drew supportive national attention…

Selma – A city in Alabama, faced violent resistance, but their efforts helped lead to the Voting Rights Act.

What did the Kerner Commission conclude was causing the urban riots?

Racial discrimination and segregation were the main causes of the urban riots. It said the U.S. was moving toward two separate and unequal societies - one Black, one White.

Malcom X did all of the following…

• Fought for Black rights – Advocated for African American empowerment and justice.

• Supported Black nationalism – Believed Black people should control their own communities.

• Spoke against racism – Criticized white supremacy and systemic racism in America.

• Promoted self-defense – Said Black people should defend themselves "by any means necessary."

• Left the Nation of Islam – Broke away from the group in 1964 and later supported unity across races.

• Inspired others – Became a powerful voice in the civil rights movement before being assassinated in 1965.

All of the following Civil Rights leaders were shot…

Martin Luther King Jr. – Civil Rights leader who fought for racial equality; assassinated in 1968.

2. Malcolm X – Black nationalist and human rights activist; assassinated in 1965.

3. Medgar Evers – NAACP leader who worked to end segregation; assassinated in 1963.

THEY Formed the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California…

Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.

What happened in April, 1968, which provided Black Power advocates another sign that white power must be met with similar force?

Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. This event deeply shocked the nation and led to widespread riots and anger in Black communities. For Black Power advocates, it was a clear sign that peaceful efforts for equality were being met with violent resistance from white power, so they believed similar force was needed to fight back.