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Brain Stem & Medulla
Basic functioning, like breathing and heart rate
RAS (Reticular Activating System)
Brain’s reward center
Voluntary movement
Eye movement
Learning, cogition, emotion
Cerebellum
Coordination of muscle movement
Balance
Procedural Learning
Cerebral Cortex
2 Hemispheres
Limbic system, corpus callosum, lobes
Limbic System
PATHH
Pituitary gland, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus, hypothalamus
Corpus Callosum
Divides 2 hemispheres and holds them together
Severe corpus callosum → seizure treatment
4 Lobes
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occiptal
Occipital Lobe
Back of head, primary visual cortex,
Temporal Lobe
Auditory and Linguistic Processing
Parietal Lobe
Process and organize information
Primary somatosensory cortex
Frontal Lobe
Linguistic processing (Broca’s Area), higher-order thinking, executive functioning (prefrontal cortex),
Primary motor cortex
Language Areas
Left hemisphere!!
Broca’s Area: speech production
Wernicke’s Area: speech comprehension
Damage to either: aphasia
Split Brain Patients
Testing for cortex specialization
Corpus Callosum cut
Brain Plasticity
Ability of the brain to rewire/modify itself after damage is done
EEG
Electrodes on the scalp— measures brain waves
fMRI
Functional MRI
Changes in blood flow in the brain → neural activity
Shows physical structure and function
Consciousness
Awake and awareness variance
Sleeping is a different level of consciousness than being awake
Circadian Rhythm
Natural sleep-wake cycle, roughly 24 hrs
Sleep Stages
1-3: NREM (non REM), decreases throughout the night
Stage 1- hypogognic sensations (feeling that you are falling, hallucinations)
4- REM Sleep
REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement
Produces waves similar to wakefulness, body is at its most relaxed
Dreaming!
More REM as the night goes on
Deprived of REM sleep → REM rebound
Deeper sleep
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dreams are a result of random brain activity
Brain turns it into something more meaningful
Consolidation Theory
Sleep conforms short-term memories into long-term, organizes
Restores depleted resources
Insomnia
Persistent problems falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
Victims suffer sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks
Going directly into REM
Absence of neurotransmitter linked to alertness
Sleep Apnea
Stop breathing while asleep → wakes up to breathe → falls back asleep → cycle repeats
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Act out vivid, unpleasant dreams with violent arm and leg movements and sounds
Somnambulism
Walking or preforming other tasks while in NREM
sleepwalking, sleep talking
Sensation
Detecting information from the environment that meets a certain threshold (50%) and turning it into neurochemical messages
Weber’s Law
Degree to which stimuli need to be different for a change to be detected
Sensory Adaptation
Becoming “numb” to stimuli → common enough that your body is not as sensitive to it
Synesthesia
Sensory systems cross → experience one sense through another
Retina
Back of the eye
Contain rods and cones— photoreceptors
Blind spot— where ganglion cells form the optic nerve
Accommodation
Lens focuses visual stimuli onto retina
Nearsightedness- Focus in front of retina, distant objects harder to see
Farsightedness- Focus behind retina, closer objects harder to see
Astigmatism- Unusual shaped cornea → trouble focusing
Rods
Edges of the retina
Shapes, movement, black and white, used in lower light
Cones
Fovea (center of retina), color
RGB waves
red: long wavelengths
green: medium wavelengths
blue: short wavelengths
Opponent Proces Theory
RG, BY, BW
one is activated while the other is repressed
Color Blindness
Damage to cones
Monochromatism- black and white only
Dichromatism- red/green colorblind
Trichromatism- normal eyesight
Prosopagnosia
Fact blindness
Cannot recognize faces— issues connecting memory and sight
Issue with occipital lobe
Blind Sight
Eye and optic nerve work, but occipital lobe does not
Can see, but not process the signals → still blind even though eyes work fine
Note 
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