LESSON 2 Measurements and Data Organization in Science

What are the two types of data in scientific investigations?

Qualitative data (descriptive information without numerical values) and quantitative data (measurements containing numbers).

What is the importance of accurate measurements in science?

Accurate measurements ensure that scientific results are reliable and reproducible.

What do accuracy and precision refer to in measurements?

Accuracy is the nearness of a measured value to a true value, while precision refers to how close individual measurements are to one another.

What are the two common systems of measurement?

The English system and the metric system.

What are some examples of units in the English system for length?

Inch, foot (feet), and mile.

What are the commonly used units in the metric system for length and volume?

Meter for length and liter for volume.

What is the International System of Units (SI)?

An updated version of the metric system established in 1960, continuously modified based on scientific findings.

List the base units of the SI system and their corresponding physical quantities.

Amount of substance: mole (mol), electric current: ampere (A), length: meter (m), luminous intensity: candela (cd), mass: kilogram (kg), temperature: kelvin (K), time: second (s).

What is the purpose of prefixes in the SI system?

Prefixes indicate equivalent multipliers or factors, useful for expressing very small or very large measurements.

What is the equivalent of 1 kilogram in grams?

1 kilogram is equivalent to 1000 grams.

What is the standard SI unit for volume?

Cubic meter (m³), with cubic centimeter (cm³) also commonly used.

How is temperature measured in science?

Using a thermometer, commonly expressed in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), and kelvin (K).

What is the freezing point of water in kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit?

273.15 K, 0°C, and 32°F.

What is absolute zero?

The temperature at which all molecular motion stops, defined as 0 K, -273.15°C, and -459.67°F.

What is the factor-label method?

A method for converting measurements from one unit to another using conversion factors.

What is a conversion factor?

A standard equivalence of two units used to convert measurements.

How do you convert from pounds to kilograms?

Multiply the mass in pounds by the conversion factor, where 1 kg = 2.205 lb.

What is the formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit?

TF = (9/5)TC + 32.

What is the formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin?

TK = TC + 273.15.

What tools are commonly used to organize scientific data?

Data tables and graphs.

What is the structure of a data table?

Rows for observations or data points and columns for variables or categories.

What are the common types of graphs used in science?

Bar graphs, pie graphs, line graphs, and scatter graphs.

What is the purpose of a bar graph?

To compare data using bars, where each bar represents a category or variable.

What does a pie graph represent?

The relative magnitude of data compared to the whole, often presented as percentages.

How is a line graph used in scientific data?

To show how one variable changes over time, with time on the horizontal axis and observed values on the vertical axis.

What is the significance of using the abbreviation 'L' for liter?

To avoid confusion between the lowercase letter 'l' (one) and the number one (1).